json.hpp

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/*
    __ _____ _____ _____
 __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
|  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 2.1.1
|_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json

Licensed under the MIT License <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>.
Copyright (c) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann <http://nlohmann.me>.

Permission is hereby  granted, free of charge, to any  person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated  documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software  without restriction, including without  limitation the rights
to  use, copy,  modify, merge,  publish, distribute,  sublicense, and/or  sell
copies  of  the Software,  and  to  permit persons  to  whom  the Software  is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE  IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY  OF ANY KIND,  EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED,  INCLUDING BUT  NOT  LIMITED TO  THE  WARRANTIES OF  MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT  SHALL THE
AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT  HOLDERS  BE  LIABLE FOR  ANY  CLAIM,  DAMAGES OR  OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE  OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
*/

#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP
#define NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP

#include <algorithm> // all_of, copy, fill, find, for_each, none_of, remove, reverse, transform
#include <array> // array
#include <cassert> // assert
#include <cctype> // isdigit
#include <ciso646> // and, not, or
#include <cmath> // isfinite, labs, ldexp, signbit
#include <cstddef> // nullptr_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t
#include <cstdint> // int64_t, uint64_t
#include <cstdlib> // abort, strtod, strtof, strtold, strtoul, strtoll, strtoull
#include <cstring> // strlen
#include <forward_list> // forward_list
#include <functional> // function, hash, less
#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
#include <iomanip> // setw
#include <iostream> // istream, ostream
#include <iterator> // advance, begin, back_inserter, bidirectional_iterator_tag, distance, end, inserter, iterator, iterator_traits, next, random_access_iterator_tag, reverse_iterator
#include <limits> // numeric_limits
#include <locale> // locale
#include <map> // map
#include <memory> // addressof, allocator, allocator_traits, unique_ptr
#include <numeric> // accumulate
#include <sstream> // stringstream
#include <stdexcept> // domain_error, invalid_argument, out_of_range
#include <string> // getline, stoi, string, to_string
#include <type_traits> // add_pointer, conditional, decay, enable_if, false_type, integral_constant, is_arithmetic, is_base_of, is_const, is_constructible, is_convertible, is_default_constructible, is_enum, is_floating_point, is_integral, is_nothrow_move_assignable, is_nothrow_move_constructible, is_pointer, is_reference, is_same, is_scalar, is_signed, remove_const, remove_cv, remove_pointer, remove_reference, true_type, underlying_type
#include <utility> // declval, forward, make_pair, move, pair, swap
#include <vector> // vector

// exclude unsupported compilers
#if defined(__clang__)
    #if (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__) < 30400
        #error "unsupported Clang version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
    #endif
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
    #if (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) < 40900
        #error "unsupported GCC version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
    #endif
#endif

// disable float-equal warnings on GCC/clang
#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
#endif

// disable documentation warnings on clang
#if defined(__clang__)
    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation"
#endif

// allow for portable deprecation warnings
#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
    #define JSON_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    #define JSON_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
#else
    #define JSON_DEPRECATED
#endif

// allow to disable exceptions
#if not defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS)
    #define JSON_THROW(exception) throw exception
    #define JSON_TRY try
    #define JSON_CATCH(exception) catch(exception)
#else
    #define JSON_THROW(exception) std::abort()
    #define JSON_TRY if(true)
    #define JSON_CATCH(exception) if(false)
#endif

namespace nlohmann
{

namespace detail
{
// JSON type enumeration //

enum class value_t : uint8_t
{
    null,            
    object,          
    array,           
    string,          
    boolean,         
    number_integer,  
    number_unsigned, 
    number_float,    
    discarded        
};

inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept
{
    static constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 8> order = {{
            0, // null
            3, // object
            4, // array
            5, // string
            1, // boolean
            2, // integer
            2, // unsigned
            2, // float
        }
    };

    // discarded values are not comparable
    if (lhs == value_t::discarded or rhs == value_t::discarded)
    {
        return false;
    }

    return order[static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs)] <
           order[static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs)];
}


// helpers //

// alias templates to reduce boilerplate
template<bool B, typename T = void>
using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;

template<typename T>
using uncvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;

// taken from http://stackoverflow.com/a/26936864/266378
template<typename T>
using is_unscoped_enum =
    std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_convertible<T, int>::value and
    std::is_enum<T>::value>;

/*
Implementation of two C++17 constructs: conjunction, negation. This is needed
to avoid evaluating all the traits in a condition

For example: not std::is_same<void, T>::value and has_value_type<T>::value
will not compile when T = void (on MSVC at least). Whereas
conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, T>>, has_value_type<T>>::value will
stop evaluating if negation<...>::value == false

Please note that those constructs must be used with caution, since symbols can
become very long quickly (which can slow down compilation and cause MSVC
internal compiler errors). Only use it when you have to (see example ahead).
*/
template<class...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
template<class B1> struct conjunction<B1> : B1 {};
template<class B1, class... Bn>
struct conjunction<B1, Bn...> : std::conditional<bool(B1::value), conjunction<Bn...>, B1>::type {};

template<class B> struct negation : std::integral_constant < bool, !B::value > {};

// dispatch utility (taken from ranges-v3)
template<unsigned N> struct priority_tag : priority_tag < N - 1 > {};
template<> struct priority_tag<0> {};


// constructors //

template<value_t> struct external_constructor;

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::boolean;
        j.m_value = b;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::string>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::string;
        j.m_value = s;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept
    {
        // replace infinity and NAN by null
        if (not std::isfinite(val))
        {
            j = BasicJsonType{};
        }
        else
        {
            j.m_type = value_t::number_float;
            j.m_value = val;
        }
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
        j.m_value = val;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
        j.m_value = val;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::array>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr)
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::array;
        j.m_value = arr;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
             enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType,
                                          typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value,
                         int> = 0>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& arr)
    {
        using std::begin;
        using std::end;
        j.m_type = value_t::array;
        j.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(begin(arr), end(arr));
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};

template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::object>
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& obj)
    {
        j.m_type = value_t::object;
        j.m_value = obj;
        j.assert_invariant();
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
             enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType,
                                          typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value,
                         int> = 0>
    static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
    {
        using std::begin;
        using std::end;

        j.m_type = value_t::object;
        j.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(begin(obj), end(obj));
        j.assert_invariant();
    }
};


// has_/is_ functions //

#define NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(type)                                        \
    template<typename T> struct has_##type {                                  \
    private:                                                                  \
        template<typename U, typename = typename U::type>                     \
        static int detect(U &&);                                              \
        static void detect(...);                                              \
    public:                                                                   \
        static constexpr bool value =                                         \
                std::is_integral<decltype(detect(std::declval<T>()))>::value; \
    }

NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(mapped_type);
NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(key_type);
NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(value_type);
NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(iterator);

#undef NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER


template<bool B, class RealType, class CompatibleObjectType>
struct is_compatible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};

template<class RealType, class CompatibleObjectType>
struct is_compatible_object_type_impl<true, RealType, CompatibleObjectType>
{
    static constexpr auto value =
        std::is_constructible<typename RealType::key_type,
        typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value and
        std::is_constructible<typename RealType::mapped_type,
        typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value;
};

template<class BasicJsonType, class CompatibleObjectType>
struct is_compatible_object_type
{
    static auto constexpr value = is_compatible_object_type_impl <
                                  conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, CompatibleObjectType>>,
                                  has_mapped_type<CompatibleObjectType>,
                                  has_key_type<CompatibleObjectType>>::value,
                                  typename BasicJsonType::object_t, CompatibleObjectType >::value;
};

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
struct is_basic_json_nested_type
{
    static auto constexpr value = std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::iterator>::value or
                                  std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::const_iterator>::value or
                                  std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::reverse_iterator>::value or
                                  std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::const_reverse_iterator>::value or
                                  std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::json_pointer>::value;
};

template<class BasicJsonType, class CompatibleArrayType>
struct is_compatible_array_type
{
    static auto constexpr value =
        conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, CompatibleArrayType>>,
        negation<is_compatible_object_type<
        BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>>,
        negation<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
        CompatibleArrayType>>,
        negation<is_basic_json_nested_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>>,
        has_value_type<CompatibleArrayType>,
        has_iterator<CompatibleArrayType>>::value;
};

template<bool, typename, typename>
struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl : std::false_type {};

template<typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl<true, RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
{
    // is there an assert somewhere on overflows?
    using RealLimits = std::numeric_limits<RealIntegerType>;
    using CompatibleLimits = std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>;

    static constexpr auto value =
        std::is_constructible<RealIntegerType,
        CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
        CompatibleLimits::is_integer and
        RealLimits::is_signed == CompatibleLimits::is_signed;
};

template<typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
struct is_compatible_integer_type
{
    static constexpr auto value =
        is_compatible_integer_type_impl <
        std::is_integral<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
        not std::is_same<bool, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value,
        RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType > ::value;
};


// trait checking if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&, udt&) exists
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
struct has_from_json
{
  private:
    // also check the return type of from_json
    template<typename U, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_same<void, decltype(uncvref_t<U>::from_json(
                 std::declval<BasicJsonType>(), std::declval<T&>()))>::value>>
    static int detect(U&&);
    static void detect(...);

  public:
    static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(
                                      detect(std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
};

// This trait checks if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&) exists
// this overload is used for non-default-constructible user-defined-types
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
struct has_non_default_from_json
{
  private:
    template <
        typename U,
        typename = enable_if_t<std::is_same<
                                   T, decltype(uncvref_t<U>::from_json(std::declval<BasicJsonType>()))>::value >>
    static int detect(U&&);
    static void detect(...);

  public:
    static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(detect(
                                      std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
};

// This trait checks if BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::to_json exists
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
struct has_to_json
{
  private:
    template<typename U, typename = decltype(uncvref_t<U>::to_json(
                 std::declval<BasicJsonType&>(), std::declval<T>()))>
    static int detect(U&&);
    static void detect(...);

  public:
    static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(detect(
                                      std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
};


// to_json //

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<
             std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int> = 0>
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, T b) noexcept
{
    external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleString,
         enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
                     CompatibleString>::value, int> = 0>
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleString& s)
{
    external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType,
         enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, FloatType val) noexcept
{
    external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
}

template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
    enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t,
                CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value, int> = 0 >
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept
{
    external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
}

template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
    enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t,
                CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value, int> = 0 >
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept
{
    external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename UnscopedEnumType,
         enable_if_t<is_unscoped_enum<UnscopedEnumType>::value, int> = 0>
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, UnscopedEnumType e) noexcept
{
    external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, e);
}

template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
    enable_if_t <
        is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value or
        std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::array_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
        int > = 0 >
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const  CompatibleArrayType& arr)
{
    external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
}

template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
    enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value,
                int> = 0 >
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const  CompatibleObjectType& arr)
{
    external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, arr);
}


// from_json //

// overloads for basic_json template parameters
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
         enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
                     not std::is_same<ArithmeticType,
                                      typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
                     int> = 0>
void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
{
    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
    {
        case value_t::number_unsigned:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
                      *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t*>());
            break;
        }
        case value_t::number_integer:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
                      *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t*>());
            break;
        }
        case value_t::number_float:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
                      *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t*>());
            break;
        }
        default:
        {
            JSON_THROW(
                std::domain_error("type must be number, but is " + j.type_name()));
        }
    }
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t& b)
{
    if (not j.is_boolean())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be boolean, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }
    b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
{
    if (not j.is_string())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be string, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }
    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t& val)
{
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t& val)
{
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t& val)
{
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename UnscopedEnumType,
         enable_if_t<is_unscoped_enum<UnscopedEnumType>::value, int> = 0>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, UnscopedEnumType& e)
{
    typename std::underlying_type<UnscopedEnumType>::type val;
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
    e = static_cast<UnscopedEnumType>(val);
}

template<typename BasicJsonType>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr)
{
    if (not j.is_array())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }
    arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
}

// forward_list doesn't have an insert method
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l)
{
    // do not perform the check when user wants to retrieve jsons
    // (except when it's null.. ?)
    if (j.is_null())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }
    if (not std::is_same<T, BasicJsonType>::value)
    {
        if (not j.is_array())
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
        }
    }
    for (auto it = j.rbegin(), end = j.rend(); it != end; ++it)
    {
        l.push_front(it->template get<T>());
    }
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType& arr, priority_tag<0>)
{
    using std::begin;
    using std::end;

    std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(),
                   std::inserter(arr, end(arr)), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
    {
        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
        return i.template get<typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>();
    });
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType& arr, priority_tag<1>)
-> decltype(
    arr.reserve(std::declval<typename CompatibleArrayType::size_type>()),
    void())
{
    using std::begin;
    using std::end;

    arr.reserve(j.size());
    std::transform(
        j.begin(), j.end(), std::inserter(arr, end(arr)), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
    {
        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
        return i.template get<typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>();
    });
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
         enable_if_t<is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
                     not std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::array_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value, int> = 0>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType& arr)
{
    if (j.is_null())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }

    // when T == BasicJsonType, do not check if value_t is correct
    if (not std::is_same<typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type, BasicJsonType>::value)
    {
        if (not j.is_array())
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
        }
    }
    from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<1> {});
}

template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
         enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleObjectType& obj)
{
    if (not j.is_object())
    {
        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be object, but is " + j.type_name()));
    }

    auto inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
    using std::begin;
    using std::end;
    // we could avoid the assignment, but this might require a for loop, which
    // might be less efficient than the container constructor for some
    // containers (would it?)
    obj = CompatibleObjectType(begin(*inner_object), end(*inner_object));
}

// overload for arithmetic types, not chosen for basic_json template arguments
// (BooleanType, etc..); note: Is it really necessary to provide explicit
// overloads for boolean_t etc. in case of a custom BooleanType which is not
// an arithmetic type?
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
         enable_if_t <
             std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value and
             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value and
             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value and
             not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
             int> = 0>
void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
{
    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
    {
        case value_t::number_unsigned:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t*>());
            break;
        }
        case value_t::number_integer:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t*>());
            break;
        }
        case value_t::number_float:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t*>());
            break;
        }
        case value_t::boolean:
        {
            val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>());
            break;
        }
        default:
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be number, but is " + j.type_name()));
        }
    }
}

struct to_json_fn
{
  private:
    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    auto call(BasicJsonType& j, T&& val, priority_tag<1>) const noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
    -> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void())
    {
        return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    void call(BasicJsonType&, T&&, priority_tag<0>) const noexcept
    {
        static_assert(sizeof(BasicJsonType) == 0,
                      "could not find to_json() method in T's namespace");
    }

  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    void operator()(BasicJsonType& j, T&& val) const
    noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<to_json_fn>().call(j, std::forward<T>(val), priority_tag<1> {})))
    {
        return call(j, std::forward<T>(val), priority_tag<1> {});
    }
};

struct from_json_fn
{
  private:
    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    auto call(const BasicJsonType& j, T& val, priority_tag<1>) const
    noexcept(noexcept(from_json(j, val)))
    -> decltype(from_json(j, val), void())
    {
        return from_json(j, val);
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    void call(const BasicJsonType&, T&, priority_tag<0>) const noexcept
    {
        static_assert(sizeof(BasicJsonType) == 0,
                      "could not find from_json() method in T's namespace");
    }

  public:
    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
    void operator()(const BasicJsonType& j, T& val) const
    noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<from_json_fn>().call(j, val, priority_tag<1> {})))
    {
        return call(j, val, priority_tag<1> {});
    }
};

// taken from ranges-v3
template<typename T>
struct static_const
{
    static constexpr T value{};
};

template<typename T>
constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
} // namespace detail


namespace
{
constexpr const auto& to_json = detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
constexpr const auto& from_json = detail::static_const<detail::from_json_fn>::value;
}


template<typename = void, typename = void>
struct adl_serializer
{
    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
    static void from_json(BasicJsonType&& j, ValueType& val) noexcept(
        noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val)))
    {
        ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val);
    }

    template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
    static void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, ValueType&& val) noexcept(
        noexcept(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val))))
    {
        ::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val));
    }
};


template <
    template<typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType = std::map,
    template<typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
    class StringType = std::string,
    class BooleanType = bool,
    class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
    class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
    class NumberFloatType = double,
    template<typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
    template<typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer = adl_serializer
    >
class basic_json
{
  private:
    template<detail::value_t> friend struct detail::external_constructor;
    using basic_json_t = basic_json<ObjectType, ArrayType, StringType,
          BooleanType, NumberIntegerType, NumberUnsignedType, NumberFloatType,
          AllocatorType, JSONSerializer>;

  public:
    using value_t = detail::value_t;
    // forward declarations
    template<typename U> class iter_impl;
    template<typename Base> class json_reverse_iterator;
    class json_pointer;
    template<typename T, typename SFINAE>
    using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;

    // container types //


    using value_type = basic_json;

    using reference = value_type&;
    using const_reference = const value_type&;

    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using size_type = std::size_t;

    using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;

    using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
    using const_pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;

    using iterator = iter_impl<basic_json>;
    using const_iterator = iter_impl<const basic_json>;
    using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
    using const_reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;



    static allocator_type get_allocator()
    {
        return allocator_type();
    }

    static basic_json meta()
    {
        basic_json result;

        result["copyright"] = "(C) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann";
        result["name"] = "JSON for Modern C++";
        result["url"] = "https://github.com/nlohmann/json";
        result["version"] =
        {
            {"string", "2.1.1"},
            {"major", 2},
            {"minor", 1},
            {"patch", 1}
        };

#ifdef _WIN32
        result["platform"] = "win32";
#elif defined __linux__
        result["platform"] = "linux";
#elif defined __APPLE__
        result["platform"] = "apple";
#elif defined __unix__
        result["platform"] = "unix";
#else
        result["platform"] = "unknown";
#endif

#if defined(__clang__)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "clang"}, {"version", __clang_version__}};
#elif defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "icc"}, {"version", __INTEL_COMPILER}};
#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "gcc"}, {"version", std::to_string(__GNUC__) + "." + std::to_string(__GNUC_MINOR__) + "." + std::to_string(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)}};
#elif defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
        result["compiler"] = "hp"
#elif defined(__IBMCPP__)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "ilecpp"}, {"version", __IBMCPP__}};
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "msvc"}, {"version", _MSC_VER}};
#elif defined(__PGI)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "pgcpp"}, {"version", __PGI}};
#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "sunpro"}, {"version", __SUNPRO_CC}};
#else
        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "unknown"}, {"version", "unknown"}};
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
        result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(__cplusplus);
#else
        result["compiler"]["c++"] = "unknown";
#endif
        return result;
    }


    // JSON value data types //


    using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
          basic_json,
          std::less<StringType>,
          AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType,
          basic_json>>>;

    using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;

    using string_t = StringType;

    using boolean_t = BooleanType;

    using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;

    using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;

    using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;


  private:

    template<typename T, typename... Args>
    static T* create(Args&& ... args)
    {
        AllocatorType<T> alloc;
        auto deleter = [&](T * object)
        {
            alloc.deallocate(object, 1);
        };
        std::unique_ptr<T, decltype(deleter)> object(alloc.allocate(1), deleter);
        alloc.construct(object.get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        assert(object != nullptr);
        return object.release();
    }

    // JSON value storage //

    union json_value
    {
        object_t* object;
        array_t* array;
        string_t* string;
        boolean_t boolean;
        number_integer_t number_integer;
        number_unsigned_t number_unsigned;
        number_float_t number_float;

        json_value() = default;
        json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
        json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
        json_value(number_unsigned_t v) noexcept : number_unsigned(v) {}
        json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
        json_value(value_t t)
        {
            switch (t)
            {
                case value_t::object:
                {
                    object = create<object_t>();
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::array:
                {
                    array = create<array_t>();
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::string:
                {
                    string = create<string_t>("");
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::boolean:
                {
                    boolean = boolean_t(false);
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::number_integer:
                {
                    number_integer = number_integer_t(0);
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::number_unsigned:
                {
                    number_unsigned = number_unsigned_t(0);
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::number_float:
                {
                    number_float = number_float_t(0.0);
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::null:
                {
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (t == value_t::null)
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("961c151d2e87f2686a955a9be24d316f1362bf21 2.1.1")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        json_value(const string_t& value)
        {
            string = create<string_t>(value);
        }

        json_value(const object_t& value)
        {
            object = create<object_t>(value);
        }

        json_value(const array_t& value)
        {
            array = create<array_t>(value);
        }
    };

    void assert_invariant() const
    {
        assert(m_type != value_t::object or m_value.object != nullptr);
        assert(m_type != value_t::array or m_value.array != nullptr);
        assert(m_type != value_t::string or m_value.string != nullptr);
    }

  public:
    // JSON parser callback //

    enum class parse_event_t : uint8_t
    {
        object_start,
        object_end,
        array_start,
        array_end,
        key,
        value
    };

    using parser_callback_t = std::function<bool(int depth,
                              parse_event_t event,
                              basic_json& parsed)>;


    // constructors //


    basic_json(const value_t value_type)
        : m_type(value_type), m_value(value_type)
    {
        assert_invariant();
    }

    basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept
        : basic_json(value_t::null)
    {
        assert_invariant();
    }

    template<typename CompatibleType, typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
             detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_base_of<std::istream, U>::value and
                                 not std::is_same<U, basic_json_t>::value and
                                 not detail::is_basic_json_nested_type<
                                     basic_json_t, U>::value and
                                 detail::has_to_json<basic_json, U>::value,
                                 int> = 0>
    basic_json(CompatibleType && val) noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(
                std::declval<basic_json_t&>(), std::forward<CompatibleType>(val))))
    {
        JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(*this, std::forward<CompatibleType>(val));
        assert_invariant();
    }

    basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init,
               bool type_deduction = true,
               value_t manual_type = value_t::array)
    {
        // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first
        // element is a string
        bool is_an_object = std::all_of(init.begin(), init.end(),
                                        [](const basic_json & element)
        {
            return element.is_array() and element.size() == 2 and element[0].is_string();
        });

        // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
        if (not type_deduction)
        {
            // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
            if (manual_type == value_t::array)
            {
                is_an_object = false;
            }

            // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
            if (manual_type == value_t::object and not is_an_object)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot create object from initializer list"));
            }
        }

        if (is_an_object)
        {
            // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
            m_type = value_t::object;
            m_value = value_t::object;

            std::for_each(init.begin(), init.end(), [this](const basic_json & element)
            {
                m_value.object->emplace(*(element[0].m_value.string), element[1]);
            });
        }
        else
        {
            // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
            m_type = value_t::array;
            m_value.array = create<array_t>(init);
        }

        assert_invariant();
    }

    static basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
                                std::initializer_list<basic_json>())
    {
        return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array);
    }

    static basic_json object(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
                                 std::initializer_list<basic_json>())
    {
        return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object);
    }

    basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json& val)
        : m_type(value_t::array)
    {
        m_value.array = create<array_t>(cnt, val);
        assert_invariant();
    }

    template<class InputIT, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                 std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
    basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last)
    {
        assert(first.m_object != nullptr);
        assert(last.m_object != nullptr);

        // make sure iterator fits the current value
        if (first.m_object != last.m_object)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterators are not compatible"));
        }

        // copy type from first iterator
        m_type = first.m_object->m_type;

        // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::boolean:
            case value_t::number_float:
            case value_t::number_integer:
            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            case value_t::string:
            {
                if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("iterators out of range"));
                }
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                break;
            }
        }

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                m_value.number_unsigned = first.m_object->m_value.number_unsigned;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                m_value.object = create<object_t>(first.m_it.object_iterator,
                                                  last.m_it.object_iterator);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                m_value.array = create<array_t>(first.m_it.array_iterator,
                                                last.m_it.array_iterator);
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use construct with iterators from " + first.m_object->type_name()));
            }
        }

        assert_invariant();
    }

    JSON_DEPRECATED
    explicit basic_json(std::istream& i, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        *this = parser(i, cb).parse();
        assert_invariant();
    }

    // other constructors and destructor //

    basic_json(const basic_json& other)
        : m_type(other.m_type)
    {
        // check of passed value is valid
        other.assert_invariant();

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::object:
            {
                m_value = *other.m_value.object;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                m_value = *other.m_value.array;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                m_value = *other.m_value.string;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                m_value = other.m_value.number_unsigned;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                break;
            }
        }

        assert_invariant();
    }

    basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept
        : m_type(std::move(other.m_type)),
          m_value(std::move(other.m_value))
    {
        // check that passed value is valid
        other.assert_invariant();

        // invalidate payload
        other.m_type = value_t::null;
        other.m_value = {};

        assert_invariant();
    }

    reference& operator=(basic_json other) noexcept (
        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
    )
    {
        // check that passed value is valid
        other.assert_invariant();

        using std::swap;
        swap(m_type, other.m_type);
        swap(m_value, other.m_value);

        assert_invariant();
        return *this;
    }

    ~basic_json()
    {
        assert_invariant();

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::object:
            {
                AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
                alloc.destroy(m_value.object);
                alloc.deallocate(m_value.object, 1);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
                alloc.destroy(m_value.array);
                alloc.deallocate(m_value.array, 1);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
                alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
                alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                // all other types need no specific destructor
                break;
            }
        }
    }


  public:
    // object inspection //


    string_t dump(const int indent = -1) const
    {
        std::stringstream ss;

        if (indent >= 0)
        {
            dump(ss, true, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
        }
        else
        {
            dump(ss, false, 0);
        }

        return ss.str();
    }

    constexpr value_t type() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type;
    }

    constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept
    {
        return is_null() or is_string() or is_boolean() or is_number();
    }

    constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept
    {
        return is_array() or is_object();
    }

    constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::null;
    }

    constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::boolean;
    }

    constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept
    {
        return is_number_integer() or is_number_float();
    }

    constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::number_integer or m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
    }

    constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
    }

    constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::number_float;
    }

    constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::object;
    }

    constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::array;
    }

    constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::string;
    }

    constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type == value_t::discarded;
    }

    constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept
    {
        return m_type;
    }


  private:
    // value access //

    boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t* /*unused*/) const
    {
        if (is_boolean())
        {
            return m_value.boolean;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("type must be boolean, but is " + type_name()));
    }

    object_t* get_impl_ptr(object_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const object_t* get_impl_ptr(const object_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
    }

    array_t* get_impl_ptr(array_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const array_t* get_impl_ptr(const array_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
    }

    string_t* get_impl_ptr(string_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const string_t* get_impl_ptr(const string_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
    }

    boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(boolean_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
    }

    number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
    }

    number_unsigned_t* get_impl_ptr(number_unsigned_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const number_unsigned_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_unsigned_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
    }

    number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(number_float_t* /*unused*/) noexcept
    {
        return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
    }

    constexpr const number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t* /*unused*/) const noexcept
    {
        return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
    }

    template<typename ReferenceType, typename ThisType>
    static ReferenceType get_ref_impl(ThisType& obj)
    {
        // helper type
        using PointerType = typename std::add_pointer<ReferenceType>::type;

        // delegate the call to get_ptr<>()
        auto ptr = obj.template get_ptr<PointerType>();

        if (ptr != nullptr)
        {
            return *ptr;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is " +
                                     obj.type_name()));
    }

  public:

    template <
        typename BasicJsonType,
        detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type,
                                         basic_json_t>::value,
                            int> = 0 >
    basic_json get() const
    {
        return *this;
    }

    template <
        typename ValueTypeCV,
        typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
        detail::enable_if_t <
            not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
            detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
            not detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
            int > = 0 >
    ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
                                       JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>(), std::declval<ValueType&>())))
    {
        // we cannot static_assert on ValueTypeCV being non-const, because
        // there is support for get<const basic_json_t>(), which is why we
        // still need the uncvref
        static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
                      "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
        static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<ValueType>::value,
                      "types must be DefaultConstructible when used with get()");

        ValueType ret;
        JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
        return ret;
    }

    template <
        typename ValueTypeCV,
        typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
        detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
                            detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t,
                                    ValueType>::value, int> = 0 >
    ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
                                       JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t&>())))
    {
        static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
                      "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
        return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
    }

    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    PointerType get() noexcept
    {
        // delegate the call to get_ptr
        return get_ptr<PointerType>();
    }

    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr const PointerType get() const noexcept
    {
        // delegate the call to get_ptr
        return get_ptr<PointerType>();
    }

    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    PointerType get_ptr() noexcept
    {
        // get the type of the PointerType (remove pointer and const)
        using pointee_t = typename std::remove_const<typename
                          std::remove_pointer<typename
                          std::remove_const<PointerType>::type>::type>::type;
        // make sure the type matches the allowed types
        static_assert(
            std::is_same<object_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<array_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<string_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<boolean_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_integer_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_unsigned_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_float_t, pointee_t>::value
            , "incompatible pointer type");

        // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
        return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
    }

    template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value and
                 std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<PointerType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
    constexpr const PointerType get_ptr() const noexcept
    {
        // get the type of the PointerType (remove pointer and const)
        using pointee_t = typename std::remove_const<typename
                          std::remove_pointer<typename
                          std::remove_const<PointerType>::type>::type>::type;
        // make sure the type matches the allowed types
        static_assert(
            std::is_same<object_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<array_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<string_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<boolean_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_integer_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_unsigned_t, pointee_t>::value
            or std::is_same<number_float_t, pointee_t>::value
            , "incompatible pointer type");

        // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
        return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<const PointerType>(nullptr));
    }

    template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    ReferenceType get_ref()
    {
        // delegate call to get_ref_impl
        return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
    }

    template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value and
                 std::is_const<typename std::remove_reference<ReferenceType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
    ReferenceType get_ref() const
    {
        // delegate call to get_ref_impl
        return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
    }

    template < typename ValueType, typename std::enable_if <
                   not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value and
                   not std::is_same<ValueType, typename string_t::value_type>::value
#ifndef _MSC_VER  // fix for issue #167 operator<< ambiguity under VS2015
                   and not std::is_same<ValueType, std::initializer_list<typename string_t::value_type>>::value
#endif
                   , int >::type = 0 >
    operator ValueType() const
    {
        // delegate the call to get<>() const
        return get<ValueType>();
    }



    // element access //


    reference at(size_type idx)
    {
        // at only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            JSON_TRY
            {
                return m_value.array->at(idx);
            }
            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
            {
                // create better exception explanation
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    const_reference at(size_type idx) const
    {
        // at only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            JSON_TRY
            {
                return m_value.array->at(idx);
            }
            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
            {
                // create better exception explanation
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
    {
        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            JSON_TRY
            {
                return m_value.object->at(key);
            }
            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
            {
                // create better exception explanation
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key '" + key + "' not found"));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
    {
        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            JSON_TRY
            {
                return m_value.object->at(key);
            }
            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
            {
                // create better exception explanation
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key '" + key + "' not found"));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    reference operator[](size_type idx)
    {
        // implicitly convert null value to an empty array
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::array;
            m_value.array = create<array_t>();
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // operator[] only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            // fill up array with null values if given idx is outside range
            if (idx >= m_value.array->size())
            {
                m_value.array->insert(m_value.array->end(),
                                      idx - m_value.array->size() + 1,
                                      basic_json());
            }

            return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const
    {
        // const operator[] only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key)
    {
        // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::object;
            m_value.object = create<object_t>();
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // operator[] only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            return m_value.object->operator[](key);
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
    {
        // const operator[] only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
            return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    template<typename T, std::size_t n>
    reference operator[](T * (&key)[n])
    {
        return operator[](static_cast<const T>(key));
    }

    template<typename T, std::size_t n>
    const_reference operator[](T * (&key)[n]) const
    {
        return operator[](static_cast<const T>(key));
    }

    template<typename T>
    reference operator[](T* key)
    {
        // implicitly convert null to object
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::object;
            m_value = value_t::object;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            return m_value.object->operator[](key);
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    template<typename T>
    const_reference operator[](T* key) const
    {
        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
            return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
    }

    template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    ValueType value(const typename object_t::key_type& key, ValueType default_value) const
    {
        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
            const auto it = find(key);
            if (it != end())
            {
                return *it;
            }

            return default_value;
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use value() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    string_t value(const typename object_t::key_type& key, const char* default_value) const
    {
        return value(key, string_t(default_value));
    }

    template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    ValueType value(const json_pointer& ptr, ValueType default_value) const
    {
        // at only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
            JSON_TRY
            {
                return ptr.get_checked(this);
            }
            JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
            {
                return default_value;
            }
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use value() with " + type_name()));
    }

    string_t value(const json_pointer& ptr, const char* default_value) const
    {
        return value(ptr, string_t(default_value));
    }

    reference front()
    {
        return *begin();
    }

    const_reference front() const
    {
        return *cbegin();
    }

    reference back()
    {
        auto tmp = end();
        --tmp;
        return *tmp;
    }

    const_reference back() const
    {
        auto tmp = cend();
        --tmp;
        return *tmp;
    }

    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
             = 0>
    IteratorType erase(IteratorType pos)
    {
        // make sure iterator fits the current value
        if (this != pos.m_object)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value"));
        }

        IteratorType result = end();

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::boolean:
            case value_t::number_float:
            case value_t::number_integer:
            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            case value_t::string:
            {
                if (not pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("iterator out of range"));
                }

                if (is_string())
                {
                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
                    alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
                    alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
                    m_value.string = nullptr;
                }

                m_type = value_t::null;
                assert_invariant();
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                 std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
             = 0>
    IteratorType erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last)
    {
        // make sure iterator fits the current value
        if (this != first.m_object or this != last.m_object)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterators do not fit current value"));
        }

        IteratorType result = end();

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::boolean:
            case value_t::number_float:
            case value_t::number_integer:
            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            case value_t::string:
            {
                if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("iterators out of range"));
                }

                if (is_string())
                {
                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
                    alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
                    alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
                    m_value.string = nullptr;
                }

                m_type = value_t::null;
                assert_invariant();
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(first.m_it.object_iterator,
                                              last.m_it.object_iterator);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(first.m_it.array_iterator,
                                             last.m_it.array_iterator);
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
    {
        // this erase only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            return m_value.object->erase(key);
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
    }

    void erase(const size_type idx)
    {
        // this erase only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            if (idx >= size())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
            }

            m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }



    // lookup //


    iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key)
    {
        auto result = end();

        if (is_object())
        {
            result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
        }

        return result;
    }

    const_iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key) const
    {
        auto result = cend();

        if (is_object())
        {
            result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
        }

        return result;
    }

    size_type count(typename object_t::key_type key) const
    {
        // return 0 for all nonobject types
        return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(key) : 0;
    }



    // iterators //


    iterator begin() noexcept
    {
        iterator result(this);
        result.set_begin();
        return result;
    }

    const_iterator begin() const noexcept
    {
        return cbegin();
    }

    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
    {
        const_iterator result(this);
        result.set_begin();
        return result;
    }

    iterator end() noexcept
    {
        iterator result(this);
        result.set_end();
        return result;
    }

    const_iterator end() const noexcept
    {
        return cend();
    }

    const_iterator cend() const noexcept
    {
        const_iterator result(this);
        result.set_end();
        return result;
    }

    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept
    {
        return reverse_iterator(end());
    }

    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept
    {
        return crbegin();
    }

    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept
    {
        return reverse_iterator(begin());
    }

    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept
    {
        return crend();
    }

    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
    {
        return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
    }

    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept
    {
        return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
    }

  private:
    // forward declaration
    template<typename IteratorType> class iteration_proxy;

  public:
    static iteration_proxy<iterator> iterator_wrapper(reference cont)
    {
        return iteration_proxy<iterator>(cont);
    }

    static iteration_proxy<const_iterator> iterator_wrapper(const_reference cont)
    {
        return iteration_proxy<const_iterator>(cont);
    }



    // capacity //


    bool empty() const noexcept
    {
        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::null:
            {
                // null values are empty
                return true;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                // delegate call to array_t::empty()
                return m_value.array->empty();
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                // delegate call to object_t::empty()
                return m_value.object->empty();
            }

            default:
            {
                // all other types are nonempty
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    size_type size() const noexcept
    {
        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::null:
            {
                // null values are empty
                return 0;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                // delegate call to array_t::size()
                return m_value.array->size();
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                // delegate call to object_t::size()
                return m_value.object->size();
            }

            default:
            {
                // all other types have size 1
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }

    size_type max_size() const noexcept
    {
        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::array:
            {
                // delegate call to array_t::max_size()
                return m_value.array->max_size();
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                // delegate call to object_t::max_size()
                return m_value.object->max_size();
            }

            default:
            {
                // all other types have max_size() == size()
                return size();
            }
        }
    }



    // modifiers //


    void clear() noexcept
    {
        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                m_value.number_integer = 0;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                m_value.number_unsigned = 0;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                m_value.number_float = 0.0;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                m_value.boolean = false;
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                m_value.string->clear();
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                m_value.array->clear();
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                m_value.object->clear();
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    void push_back(basic_json&& val)
    {
        // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
        if (not(is_null() or is_array()))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // transform null object into an array
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::array;
            m_value = value_t::array;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // add element to array (move semantics)
        m_value.array->push_back(std::move(val));
        // invalidate object
        val.m_type = value_t::null;
    }

    reference operator+=(basic_json&& val)
    {
        push_back(std::move(val));
        return *this;
    }

    void push_back(const basic_json& val)
    {
        // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
        if (not(is_null() or is_array()))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // transform null object into an array
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::array;
            m_value = value_t::array;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // add element to array
        m_value.array->push_back(val);
    }

    reference operator+=(const basic_json& val)
    {
        push_back(val);
        return *this;
    }

    void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type& val)
    {
        // push_back only works for null objects or objects
        if (not(is_null() or is_object()))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // transform null object into an object
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::object;
            m_value = value_t::object;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // add element to array
        m_value.object->insert(val);
    }

    reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type& val)
    {
        push_back(val);
        return *this;
    }

    void push_back(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init)
    {
        if (is_object() and init.size() == 2 and init.begin()->is_string())
        {
            const string_t key = *init.begin();
            push_back(typename object_t::value_type(key, *(init.begin() + 1)));
        }
        else
        {
            push_back(basic_json(init));
        }
    }

    reference operator+=(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init)
    {
        push_back(init);
        return *this;
    }

    template<class... Args>
    void emplace_back(Args&& ... args)
    {
        // emplace_back only works for null objects or arrays
        if (not(is_null() or is_array()))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use emplace_back() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // transform null object into an array
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::array;
            m_value = value_t::array;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
        m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

    template<class... Args>
    std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&& ... args)
    {
        // emplace only works for null objects or arrays
        if (not(is_null() or is_object()))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use emplace() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // transform null object into an object
        if (is_null())
        {
            m_type = value_t::object;
            m_value = value_t::object;
            assert_invariant();
        }

        // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
        auto res = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
        // create result iterator and set iterator to the result of emplace
        auto it = begin();
        it.m_it.object_iterator = res.first;

        // return pair of iterator and boolean
        return {it, res.second};
    }

    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& val)
    {
        // insert only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
            if (pos.m_object != this)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value"));
            }

            // insert to array and return iterator
            iterator result(this);
            result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, val);
            return result;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
    }

    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json&& val)
    {
        return insert(pos, val);
    }

    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json& val)
    {
        // insert only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
            if (pos.m_object != this)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value"));
            }

            // insert to array and return iterator
            iterator result(this);
            result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, cnt, val);
            return result;
        }

        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
    }

    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
    {
        // insert only works for arrays
        if (not is_array())
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
        if (pos.m_object != this)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value"));
        }

        // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
        if (first.m_object != last.m_object)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterators do not fit"));
        }

        if (first.m_object == this or last.m_object == this)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("passed iterators may not belong to container"));
        }

        // insert to array and return iterator
        iterator result(this);
        result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(
                                         pos.m_it.array_iterator,
                                         first.m_it.array_iterator,
                                         last.m_it.array_iterator);
        return result;
    }

    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, std::initializer_list<basic_json> ilist)
    {
        // insert only works for arrays
        if (not is_array())
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
        }

        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
        if (pos.m_object != this)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value"));
        }

        // insert to array and return iterator
        iterator result(this);
        result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, ilist);
        return result;
    }

    void swap(reference other) noexcept (
        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
    )
    {
        std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
        std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
        assert_invariant();
    }

    void swap(array_t& other)
    {
        // swap only works for arrays
        if (is_array())
        {
            std::swap(*(m_value.array), other);
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    void swap(object_t& other)
    {
        // swap only works for objects
        if (is_object())
        {
            std::swap(*(m_value.object), other);
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }

    void swap(string_t& other)
    {
        // swap only works for strings
        if (is_string())
        {
            std::swap(*(m_value.string), other);
        }
        else
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
        }
    }


  public:
    // lexicographical comparison operators //


    friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
        const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();

        if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
        {
            switch (lhs_type)
            {
                case value_t::array:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.array == *rhs.m_value.array;
                }
                case value_t::object:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.object == *rhs.m_value.object;
                }
                case value_t::null:
                {
                    return true;
                }
                case value_t::string:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.string == *rhs.m_value.string;
                }
                case value_t::boolean:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.boolean == rhs.m_value.boolean;
                }
                case value_t::number_integer:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_integer == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
                }
                case value_t::number_unsigned:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned == rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
                }
                case value_t::number_float:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_float == rhs.m_value.number_float;
                }
                default:
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
        {
            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
        {
            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
        {
            return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_integer == static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
        }

        return false;
    }

    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
    {
        return (lhs == basic_json(rhs));
    }

    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    friend bool operator==(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return (basic_json(lhs) == rhs);
    }

    friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return not (lhs == rhs);
    }

    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept
    {
        return (lhs != basic_json(rhs));
    }

    template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
    friend bool operator!=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return (basic_json(lhs) != rhs);
    }

    friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
        const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();

        if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
        {
            switch (lhs_type)
            {
                case value_t::array:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.array < *rhs.m_value.array;
                }
                case value_t::object:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.object < *rhs.m_value.object;
                }
                case value_t::null:
                {
                    return false;
                }
                case value_t::string:
                {
                    return *lhs.m_value.string < *rhs.m_value.string;
                }
                case value_t::boolean:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.boolean < rhs.m_value.boolean;
                }
                case value_t::number_integer:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_integer < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
                }
                case value_t::number_unsigned:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned < rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
                }
                case value_t::number_float:
                {
                    return lhs.m_value.number_float < rhs.m_value.number_float;
                }
                default:
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
        {
            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
        {
            return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned)
        {
            return lhs.m_value.number_integer < static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
        }
        else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
        {
            return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
        }

        // We only reach this line if we cannot compare values. In that case,
        // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
        // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
        return operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type);
    }

    friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return not (rhs < lhs);
    }

    friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return not (lhs <= rhs);
    }

    friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
    {
        return not (lhs < rhs);
    }



    // serialization //


    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const basic_json& j)
    {
        // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
        const bool pretty_print = (o.width() > 0);
        const auto indentation = (pretty_print ? o.width() : 0);

        // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
        o.width(0);

        // do the actual serialization
        j.dump(o, pretty_print, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));

        return o;
    }

    friend std::ostream& operator>>(const basic_json& j, std::ostream& o)
    {
        return o << j;
    }



    // deserialization //


    template<class T, std::size_t N>
    static basic_json parse(T (&array)[N],
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        // delegate the call to the iterator-range parse overload
        return parse(std::begin(array), std::end(array), cb);
    }

    template<typename CharT, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
                 std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
                 sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1, int>::type = 0>
    static basic_json parse(const CharT s,
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        return parser(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s), cb).parse();
    }

    static basic_json parse(std::istream& i,
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        return parser(i, cb).parse();
    }

    static basic_json parse(std::istream&& i,
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        return parser(i, cb).parse();
    }

    template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_base_of<
                     std::random_access_iterator_tag,
                     typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
    static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        // assertion to check that the iterator range is indeed contiguous,
        // see http://stackoverflow.com/a/35008842/266378 for more discussion
        assert(std::accumulate(first, last, std::pair<bool, int>(true, 0),
                               [&first](std::pair<bool, int> res, decltype(*first) val)
        {
            res.first &= (val == *(std::next(std::addressof(*first), res.second++)));
            return res;
        }).first);

        // assertion to check that each element is 1 byte long
        static_assert(sizeof(typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type) == 1,
                      "each element in the iterator range must have the size of 1 byte");

        // if iterator range is empty, create a parser with an empty string
        // to generate "unexpected EOF" error message
        if (std::distance(first, last) <= 0)
        {
            return parser("").parse();
        }

        return parser(first, last, cb).parse();
    }

    template<class ContiguousContainer, typename std::enable_if<
                 not std::is_pointer<ContiguousContainer>::value and
                 std::is_base_of<
                     std::random_access_iterator_tag,
                     typename std::iterator_traits<decltype(std::begin(std::declval<ContiguousContainer const>()))>::iterator_category>::value
                 , int>::type = 0>
    static basic_json parse(const ContiguousContainer& c,
                            const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
    {
        // delegate the call to the iterator-range parse overload
        return parse(std::begin(c), std::end(c), cb);
    }

    friend std::istream& operator<<(basic_json& j, std::istream& i)
    {
        j = parser(i).parse();
        return i;
    }

    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& i, basic_json& j)
    {
        j = parser(i).parse();
        return i;
    }


    // binary serialization/deserialization //


  private:
    template<typename T>
    static void add_to_vector(std::vector<uint8_t>& vec, size_t bytes, const T number)
    {
        assert(bytes == 1 or bytes == 2 or bytes == 4 or bytes == 8);

        switch (bytes)
        {
            case 8:
            {
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 070) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 060) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 050) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 040) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 030) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 020) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
                break;
            }

            case 4:
            {
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 030) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 020) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
                break;
            }

            case 2:
            {
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
                break;
            }

            case 1:
            {
                vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    template<typename T>
    static T get_from_vector(const std::vector<uint8_t>& vec, const size_t current_index)
    {
        if (current_index + sizeof(T) + 1 > vec.size())
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot read " + std::to_string(sizeof(T)) + " bytes from vector"));
        }

        T result;
        auto* ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&result);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(T); ++i)
        {
            *ptr++ = vec[current_index + sizeof(T) - i];
        }
        return result;
    }

    static void to_msgpack_internal(const basic_json& j, std::vector<uint8_t>& v)
    {
        switch (j.type())
        {
            case value_t::null:
            {
                // nil
                v.push_back(0xc0);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                // true and false
                v.push_back(j.m_value.boolean ? 0xc3 : 0xc2);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
                {
                    // MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
                    // signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we
                    // used the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case
                    // here.
                    if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
                    {
                        // positive fixnum
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())
                    {
                        // uint 8
                        v.push_back(0xcc);
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())
                    {
                        // uint 16
                        v.push_back(0xcd);
                        add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
                    {
                        // uint 32
                        v.push_back(0xce);
                        add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
                    {
                        // uint 64
                        v.push_back(0xcf);
                        add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -32)
                    {
                        // negative fixnum
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min() and j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 8
                        v.push_back(0xd0);
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min() and j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 16
                        v.push_back(0xd1);
                        add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min() and j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 32
                        v.push_back(0xd2);
                        add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() and j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 64
                        v.push_back(0xd3);
                        add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128)
                {
                    // positive fixnum
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())
                {
                    // uint 8
                    v.push_back(0xcc);
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())
                {
                    // uint 16
                    v.push_back(0xcd);
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
                {
                    // uint 32
                    v.push_back(0xce);
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
                {
                    // uint 64
                    v.push_back(0xcf);
                    add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                // float 64
                v.push_back(0xcb);
                const auto* helper = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&(j.m_value.number_float));
                for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
                {
                    v.push_back(helper[7 - i]);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
                if (N <= 31)
                {
                    // fixstr
                    v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0xa0 | N));
                }
                else if (N <= 255)
                {
                    // str 8
                    v.push_back(0xd9);
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 65535)
                {
                    // str 16
                    v.push_back(0xda);
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 4294967295)
                {
                    // str 32
                    v.push_back(0xdb);
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
                }

                // append string
                std::copy(j.m_value.string->begin(), j.m_value.string->end(),
                          std::back_inserter(v));
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
                if (N <= 15)
                {
                    // fixarray
                    v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffff)
                {
                    // array 16
                    v.push_back(0xdc);
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffffffff)
                {
                    // array 32
                    v.push_back(0xdd);
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
                }

                // append each element
                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.array)
                {
                    to_msgpack_internal(el, v);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
                if (N <= 15)
                {
                    // fixmap
                    v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xf)));
                }
                else if (N <= 65535)
                {
                    // map 16
                    v.push_back(0xde);
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 4294967295)
                {
                    // map 32
                    v.push_back(0xdf);
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
                }

                // append each element
                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.object)
                {
                    to_msgpack_internal(el.first, v);
                    to_msgpack_internal(el.second, v);
                }
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    static void to_cbor_internal(const basic_json& j, std::vector<uint8_t>& v)
    {
        switch (j.type())
        {
            case value_t::null:
            {
                v.push_back(0xf6);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                v.push_back(j.m_value.boolean ? 0xf5 : 0xf4);
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0)
                {
                    // CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
                    // integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
                    // code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
                    if (j.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17)
                    {
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())
                    {
                        v.push_back(0x18);
                        // one-byte uint8_t
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())
                    {
                        v.push_back(0x19);
                        // two-byte uint16_t
                        add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
                    {
                        v.push_back(0x1a);
                        // four-byte uint32_t
                        add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        v.push_back(0x1b);
                        // eight-byte uint64_t
                        add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_integer);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // The conversions below encode the sign in the first
                    // byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
                    const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_value.number_integer;
                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -24)
                    {
                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
                    }
                    else if (positive_number <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 8
                        v.push_back(0x38);
                        add_to_vector(v, 1, positive_number);
                    }
                    else if (positive_number <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 16
                        v.push_back(0x39);
                        add_to_vector(v, 2, positive_number);
                    }
                    else if (positive_number <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
                    {
                        // int 32
                        v.push_back(0x3a);
                        add_to_vector(v, 4, positive_number);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // int 64
                        v.push_back(0x3b);
                        add_to_vector(v, 8, positive_number);
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17)
                {
                    v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x18);
                    // one-byte uint8_t
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x19);
                    // two-byte uint16_t
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x1a);
                    // four-byte uint32_t
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffffffffffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x1b);
                    // eight-byte uint64_t
                    add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                // Double-Precision Float
                v.push_back(0xfb);
                const auto* helper = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&(j.m_value.number_float));
                for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
                {
                    v.push_back(helper[7 - i]);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
                if (N <= 0x17)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x60 + static_cast<uint8_t>(N));  // 1 byte for string + size
                }
                else if (N <= 0xff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x78);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x79);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x7a); // four-byte uint32_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_START
                else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x7b);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 8, N);
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

                // append string
                std::copy(j.m_value.string->begin(), j.m_value.string->end(),
                          std::back_inserter(v));
                break;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
                if (N <= 0x17)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x80 + static_cast<uint8_t>(N));  // 1 byte for array + size
                }
                else if (N <= 0xff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x98);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x99);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x9a);  // four-byte uint32_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_START
                else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0x9b);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
                    add_to_vector(v, 8, N);
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

                // append each element
                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.array)
                {
                    to_cbor_internal(el, v);
                }
                break;
            }

            case value_t::object:
            {
                const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
                if (N <= 0x17)
                {
                    v.push_back(0xa0 + static_cast<uint8_t>(N));  // 1 byte for object + size
                }
                else if (N <= 0xff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0xb8);
                    add_to_vector(v, 1, N);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0xb9);
                    add_to_vector(v, 2, N);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
                }
                else if (N <= 0xffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0xba);
                    add_to_vector(v, 4, N);  // four-byte uint32_t for N
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_START
                else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff)
                {
                    v.push_back(0xbb);
                    add_to_vector(v, 8, N);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
                }
                // LCOV_EXCL_STOP

                // append each element
                for (const auto& el : *j.m_value.object)
                {
                    to_cbor_internal(el.first, v);
                    to_cbor_internal(el.second, v);
                }
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }


    /*
    @brief checks if given lengths do not exceed the size of a given vector

    To secure the access to the byte vector during CBOR/MessagePack
    deserialization, bytes are copied from the vector into buffers. This
    function checks if the number of bytes to copy (@a len) does not exceed
    the size @s size of the vector. Additionally, an @a offset is given from
    where to start reading the bytes.

    This function checks whether reading the bytes is safe; that is, offset is
    a valid index in the vector, offset+len

    @param[in] size    size of the byte vector
    @param[in] len     number of bytes to read
    @param[in] offset  offset where to start reading

    vec:  x x x x x X X X X X
          ^         ^         ^
          0         offset    len

    @throws out_of_range if `len > v.size()`
    */
    static void check_length(const size_t size, const size_t len, const size_t offset)
    {
        // simple case: requested length is greater than the vector's length
        if (len > size or offset > size)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("len out of range"));
        }

        // second case: adding offset would result in overflow
        if ((size > (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - offset)))
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("len+offset out of range"));
        }

        // last case: reading past the end of the vector
        if (len + offset > size)
        {
            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("len+offset out of range"));
        }
    }

    static basic_json from_msgpack_internal(const std::vector<uint8_t>& v, size_t& idx)
    {
        // make sure reading 1 byte is safe
        check_length(v.size(), 1, idx);

        // store and increment index
        const size_t current_idx = idx++;

        if (v[current_idx] <= 0xbf)
        {
            if (v[current_idx] <= 0x7f) // positive fixint
            {
                return v[current_idx];
            }
            if (v[current_idx] <= 0x8f) // fixmap
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x0f;
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }
            else if (v[current_idx] <= 0x9f) // fixarray
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x0f;
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }
            else // fixstr
            {
                const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x1f;
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 1;
                idx += len; // skip content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }
        }
        else if (v[current_idx] >= 0xe0) // negative fixint
        {
            return static_cast<int8_t>(v[current_idx]);
        }
        else
        {
            switch (v[current_idx])
            {
                case 0xc0: // nil
                {
                    return value_t::null;
                }

                case 0xc2: // false
                {
                    return false;
                }

                case 0xc3: // true
                {
                    return true;
                }

                case 0xca: // float 32
                {
                    // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
                    float res;
                    for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(float); ++byte)
                    {
                        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&res)[sizeof(float) - byte - 1] = v.at(current_idx + 1 + byte);
                    }
                    idx += sizeof(float); // skip content bytes
                    return res;
                }

                case 0xcb: // float 64
                {
                    // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
                    double res;
                    for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(double); ++byte)
                    {
                        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&res)[sizeof(double) - byte - 1] = v.at(current_idx + 1 + byte);
                    }
                    idx += sizeof(double); // skip content bytes
                    return res;
                }

                case 0xcc: // uint 8
                {
                    idx += 1; // skip content byte
                    return get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xcd: // uint 16
                {
                    idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xce: // uint 32
                {
                    idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xcf: // uint 64
                {
                    idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xd0: // int 8
                {
                    idx += 1; // skip content byte
                    return get_from_vector<int8_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xd1: // int 16
                {
                    idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<int16_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xd2: // int 32
                {
                    idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<int32_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xd3: // int 64
                {
                    idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
                    return get_from_vector<int64_t>(v, current_idx);
                }

                case 0xd9: // str 8
                {
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 2;
                    idx += len + 1; // skip size byte + content bytes
                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
                }

                case 0xda: // str 16
                {
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 3;
                    idx += len + 2; // skip 2 size bytes + content bytes
                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
                }

                case 0xdb: // str 32
                {
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 5;
                    idx += len + 4; // skip 4 size bytes + content bytes
                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
                }

                case 0xdc: // array 16
                {
                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                    idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                    {
                        result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
                    }
                    return result;
                }

                case 0xdd: // array 32
                {
                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                    idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                    {
                        result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
                    }
                    return result;
                }

                case 0xde: // map 16
                {
                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                    idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                    {
                        std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                        result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                    }
                    return result;
                }

                case 0xdf: // map 32
                {
                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                    idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                    {
                        std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                        result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
                    }
                    return result;
                }

                default:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("error parsing a msgpack @ " + std::to_string(current_idx) + ": " + std::to_string(static_cast<int>(v[current_idx]))));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    static basic_json from_cbor_internal(const std::vector<uint8_t>& v, size_t& idx)
    {
        // store and increment index
        const size_t current_idx = idx++;

        switch (v.at(current_idx))
        {
            // Integer 0x00..0x17 (0..23)
            case 0x00:
            case 0x01:
            case 0x02:
            case 0x03:
            case 0x04:
            case 0x05:
            case 0x06:
            case 0x07:
            case 0x08:
            case 0x09:
            case 0x0a:
            case 0x0b:
            case 0x0c:
            case 0x0d:
            case 0x0e:
            case 0x0f:
            case 0x10:
            case 0x11:
            case 0x12:
            case 0x13:
            case 0x14:
            case 0x15:
            case 0x16:
            case 0x17:
            {
                return v[current_idx];
            }

            case 0x18: // Unsigned integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
            {
                idx += 1; // skip content byte
                return get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x19: // Unsigned integer (two-byte uint16_t follows)
            {
                idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
                return get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x1a: // Unsigned integer (four-byte uint32_t follows)
            {
                idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
                return get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x1b: // Unsigned integer (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
            {
                idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
                return get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            // Negative integer -1-0x00..-1-0x17 (-1..-24)
            case 0x20:
            case 0x21:
            case 0x22:
            case 0x23:
            case 0x24:
            case 0x25:
            case 0x26:
            case 0x27:
            case 0x28:
            case 0x29:
            case 0x2a:
            case 0x2b:
            case 0x2c:
            case 0x2d:
            case 0x2e:
            case 0x2f:
            case 0x30:
            case 0x31:
            case 0x32:
            case 0x33:
            case 0x34:
            case 0x35:
            case 0x36:
            case 0x37:
            {
                return static_cast<int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - v[current_idx]);
            }

            case 0x38: // Negative integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
            {
                idx += 1; // skip content byte
                // must be uint8_t !
                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x39: // Negative integer -1-n (two-byte uint16_t follows)
            {
                idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x3a: // Negative integer -1-n (four-byte uint32_t follows)
            {
                idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
            }

            case 0x3b: // Negative integer -1-n (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
            {
                idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - static_cast<number_integer_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
            }

            // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
            case 0x60:
            case 0x61:
            case 0x62:
            case 0x63:
            case 0x64:
            case 0x65:
            case 0x66:
            case 0x67:
            case 0x68:
            case 0x69:
            case 0x6a:
            case 0x6b:
            case 0x6c:
            case 0x6d:
            case 0x6e:
            case 0x6f:
            case 0x70:
            case 0x71:
            case 0x72:
            case 0x73:
            case 0x74:
            case 0x75:
            case 0x76:
            case 0x77:
            {
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0x60);
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 1;
                idx += len; // skip content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }

            case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
            {
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 2;
                idx += len + 1; // skip size byte + content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }

            case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
            {
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 3;
                idx += len + 2; // skip 2 size bytes + content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }

            case 0x7a: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
            {
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 5;
                idx += len + 4; // skip 4 size bytes + content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }

            case 0x7b: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
            {
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
                const size_t offset = current_idx + 9;
                idx += len + 8; // skip 8 size bytes + content bytes
                check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
                return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v.data()) + offset, len);
            }

            case 0x7f: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
            {
                std::string result;
                while (v.at(idx) != 0xff)
                {
                    string_t s = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result += s;
                }
                // skip break byte (0xFF)
                idx += 1;
                return result;
            }

            // array (0x00..0x17 data items follow)
            case 0x80:
            case 0x81:
            case 0x82:
            case 0x83:
            case 0x84:
            case 0x85:
            case 0x86:
            case 0x87:
            case 0x88:
            case 0x89:
            case 0x8a:
            case 0x8b:
            case 0x8c:
            case 0x8d:
            case 0x8e:
            case 0x8f:
            case 0x90:
            case 0x91:
            case 0x92:
            case 0x93:
            case 0x94:
            case 0x95:
            case 0x96:
            case 0x97:
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0x80);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 1; // skip 1 size byte
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 2; // skip 4 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0x9a: // array (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0x9b: // array (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 8; // skip 8 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0x9f: // array (indefinite length)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::array;
                while (v.at(idx) != 0xff)
                {
                    result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
                }
                // skip break byte (0xFF)
                idx += 1;
                return result;
            }

            // map (0x00..0x17 pairs of data items follow)
            case 0xa0:
            case 0xa1:
            case 0xa2:
            case 0xa3:
            case 0xa4:
            case 0xa5:
            case 0xa6:
            case 0xa7:
            case 0xa8:
            case 0xa9:
            case 0xaa:
            case 0xab:
            case 0xac:
            case 0xad:
            case 0xae:
            case 0xaf:
            case 0xb0:
            case 0xb1:
            case 0xb2:
            case 0xb3:
            case 0xb4:
            case 0xb5:
            case 0xb6:
            case 0xb7:
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0xa0);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0xb8: // map (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 1; // skip 1 size byte
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0xb9: // map (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0xba: // map (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0xbb: // map (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
                idx += 8; // skip 8 size bytes
                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                return result;
            }

            case 0xbf: // map (indefinite length)
            {
                basic_json result = value_t::object;
                while (v.at(idx) != 0xff)
                {
                    std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                    result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
                }
                // skip break byte (0xFF)
                idx += 1;
                return result;
            }

            case 0xf4: // false
            {
                return false;
            }

            case 0xf5: // true
            {
                return true;
            }

            case 0xf6: // null
            {
                return value_t::null;
            }

            case 0xf9: // Half-Precision Float (two-byte IEEE 754)
            {
                idx += 2; // skip two content bytes

                // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
                // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added to
                // IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often still
                // only have limited support for them. It is very easy to
                // include at least decoding support for them even without such
                // support. An example of a small decoder for half-precision
                // floating-point numbers in the C language is shown in Fig. 3.
                const int half = (v.at(current_idx + 1) << 8) + v.at(current_idx + 2);
                const int exp = (half >> 10) & 0x1f;
                const int mant = half & 0x3ff;
                double val;
                if (exp == 0)
                {
                    val = std::ldexp(mant, -24);
                }
                else if (exp != 31)
                {
                    val = std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
                }
                else
                {
                    val = mant == 0
                          ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
                          : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
                }
                return (half & 0x8000) != 0 ? -val : val;
            }

            case 0xfa: // Single-Precision Float (four-byte IEEE 754)
            {
                // copy bytes in reverse order into the float variable
                float res;
                for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(float); ++byte)
                {
                    reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&res)[sizeof(float) - byte - 1] = v.at(current_idx + 1 + byte);
                }
                idx += sizeof(float); // skip content bytes
                return res;
            }

            case 0xfb: // Double-Precision Float (eight-byte IEEE 754)
            {
                // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
                double res;
                for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(double); ++byte)
                {
                    reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&res)[sizeof(double) - byte - 1] = v.at(current_idx + 1 + byte);
                }
                idx += sizeof(double); // skip content bytes
                return res;
            }

            default: // anything else (0xFF is handled inside the other types)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("error parsing a CBOR @ " + std::to_string(current_idx) + ": " + std::to_string(static_cast<int>(v[current_idx]))));
            }
        }
    }

  public:
    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_msgpack(const basic_json& j)
    {
        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
        to_msgpack_internal(j, result);
        return result;
    }

    static basic_json from_msgpack(const std::vector<uint8_t>& v,
                                   const size_t start_index = 0)
    {
        size_t i = start_index;
        return from_msgpack_internal(v, i);
    }

    static std::vector<uint8_t> to_cbor(const basic_json& j)
    {
        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
        to_cbor_internal(j, result);
        return result;
    }

    static basic_json from_cbor(const std::vector<uint8_t>& v,
                                const size_t start_index = 0)
    {
        size_t i = start_index;
        return from_cbor_internal(v, i);
    }


    // convenience functions //

    std::string type_name() const
    {
        {
            switch (m_type)
            {
                case value_t::null:
                    return "null";
                case value_t::object:
                    return "object";
                case value_t::array:
                    return "array";
                case value_t::string:
                    return "string";
                case value_t::boolean:
                    return "boolean";
                case value_t::discarded:
                    return "discarded";
                default:
                    return "number";
            }
        }
    }

  private:
    static std::size_t extra_space(const string_t& s) noexcept
    {
        return std::accumulate(s.begin(), s.end(), size_t{},
                               [](size_t res, typename string_t::value_type c)
        {
            switch (c)
            {
                case '"':
                case '\\':
                case '\b':
                case '\f':
                case '\n':
                case '\r':
                case '\t':
                {
                    // from c (1 byte) to \x (2 bytes)
                    return res + 1;
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (c >= 0x00 and c <= 0x1f)
                    {
                        // from c (1 byte) to \uxxxx (6 bytes)
                        return res + 5;
                    }

                    return res;
                }
            }
        });
    }

    static string_t escape_string(const string_t& s)
    {
        const auto space = extra_space(s);
        if (space == 0)
        {
            return s;
        }

        // create a result string of necessary size
        string_t result(s.size() + space, '\\');
        std::size_t pos = 0;

        for (const auto& c : s)
        {
            switch (c)
            {
                // quotation mark (0x22)
                case '"':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = '"';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // reverse solidus (0x5c)
                case '\\':
                {
                    // nothing to change
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // backspace (0x08)
                case '\b':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = 'b';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // formfeed (0x0c)
                case '\f':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = 'f';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // newline (0x0a)
                case '\n':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = 'n';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // carriage return (0x0d)
                case '\r':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = 'r';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                // horizontal tab (0x09)
                case '\t':
                {
                    result[pos + 1] = 't';
                    pos += 2;
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (c >= 0x00 and c <= 0x1f)
                    {
                        // convert a number 0..15 to its hex representation
                        // (0..f)
                        static const char hexify[16] =
                        {
                            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
                            '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
                        };

                        // print character c as \uxxxx
                        for (const char m :
                    { 'u', '0', '0', hexify[c >> 4], hexify[c & 0x0f]
                        })
                        {
                            result[++pos] = m;
                        }

                        ++pos;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // all other characters are added as-is
                        result[pos++] = c;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }


    struct numtostr
    {
      public:
        template<typename NumberType>
        numtostr(NumberType value)
        {
            x_write(value, std::is_integral<NumberType>());
        }

        const char* c_str() const
        {
            return m_buf.data();
        }

      private:
        std::array < char, 64 > m_buf{{}};

        template<typename NumberType>
        void x_write(NumberType x, /*is_integral=*/std::true_type)
        {
            // special case for "0"
            if (x == 0)
            {
                m_buf[0] = '0';
                return;
            }

            const bool is_negative = x < 0;
            size_t i = 0;

            // spare 1 byte for '\0'
            while (x != 0 and i < m_buf.size() - 1)
            {
                const auto digit = std::labs(static_cast<long>(x % 10));
                m_buf[i++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
                x /= 10;
            }

            // make sure the number has been processed completely
            assert(x == 0);

            if (is_negative)
            {
                // make sure there is capacity for the '-'
                assert(i < m_buf.size() - 2);
                m_buf[i++] = '-';
            }

            std::reverse(m_buf.begin(), m_buf.begin() + i);
        }

        template<typename NumberType>
        void x_write(NumberType x, /*is_integral=*/std::false_type)
        {
            // special case for 0.0 and -0.0
            if (x == 0)
            {
                size_t i = 0;
                if (std::signbit(x))
                {
                    m_buf[i++] = '-';
                }
                m_buf[i++] = '0';
                m_buf[i++] = '.';
                m_buf[i] = '0';
                return;
            }

            // get number of digits for a text -> float -> text round-trip
            static constexpr auto d = std::numeric_limits<NumberType>::digits10;

            // the actual conversion
            const auto written_bytes = snprintf(m_buf.data(), m_buf.size(), "%.*g", d, x);

            // negative value indicates an error
            assert(written_bytes > 0);
            // check if buffer was large enough
            assert(static_cast<size_t>(written_bytes) < m_buf.size());

            // read information from locale
            const auto loc = localeconv();
            assert(loc != nullptr);
            const char thousands_sep = !loc->thousands_sep ? '\0'
                                       : loc->thousands_sep[0];

            const char decimal_point = !loc->decimal_point ? '\0'
                                       : loc->decimal_point[0];

            // erase thousands separator
            if (thousands_sep != '\0')
            {
                const auto end = std::remove(m_buf.begin(), m_buf.begin() + written_bytes, thousands_sep);
                std::fill(end, m_buf.end(), '\0');
            }

            // convert decimal point to '.'
            if (decimal_point != '\0' and decimal_point != '.')
            {
                for (auto& c : m_buf)
                {
                    if (c == decimal_point)
                    {
                        c = '.';
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            // determine if need to append ".0"
            size_t i = 0;
            bool value_is_int_like = true;
            for (i = 0; i < m_buf.size(); ++i)
            {
                // break when end of number is reached
                if (m_buf[i] == '\0')
                {
                    break;
                }

                // check if we find non-int character
                value_is_int_like = value_is_int_like and m_buf[i] != '.' and
                                    m_buf[i] != 'e' and m_buf[i] != 'E';
            }

            if (value_is_int_like)
            {
                // there must be 2 bytes left for ".0"
                assert((i + 2) < m_buf.size());
                // we write to the end of the number
                assert(m_buf[i] == '\0');
                assert(m_buf[i - 1] != '\0');

                // add ".0"
                m_buf[i] = '.';
                m_buf[i + 1] = '0';

                // the resulting string is properly terminated
                assert(m_buf[i + 2] == '\0');
            }
        }
    };


    void dump(std::ostream& o,
              const bool pretty_print,
              const unsigned int indent_step,
              const unsigned int current_indent = 0) const
    {
        // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
        unsigned int new_indent = current_indent;

        switch (m_type)
        {
            case value_t::object:
            {
                if (m_value.object->empty())
                {
                    o << "{}";
                    return;
                }

                o << "{";

                // increase indentation
                if (pretty_print)
                {
                    new_indent += indent_step;
                    o << "\n";
                }

                for (auto i = m_value.object->cbegin(); i != m_value.object->cend(); ++i)
                {
                    if (i != m_value.object->cbegin())
                    {
                        o << (pretty_print ? ",\n" : ",");
                    }
                    o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') << "\""
                      << escape_string(i->first) << "\":"
                      << (pretty_print ? " " : "");
                    i->second.dump(o, pretty_print, indent_step, new_indent);
                }

                // decrease indentation
                if (pretty_print)
                {
                    new_indent -= indent_step;
                    o << "\n";
                }

                o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') + "}";
                return;
            }

            case value_t::array:
            {
                if (m_value.array->empty())
                {
                    o << "[]";
                    return;
                }

                o << "[";

                // increase indentation
                if (pretty_print)
                {
                    new_indent += indent_step;
                    o << "\n";
                }

                for (auto i = m_value.array->cbegin(); i != m_value.array->cend(); ++i)
                {
                    if (i != m_value.array->cbegin())
                    {
                        o << (pretty_print ? ",\n" : ",");
                    }
                    o << string_t(new_indent, ' ');
                    i->dump(o, pretty_print, indent_step, new_indent);
                }

                // decrease indentation
                if (pretty_print)
                {
                    new_indent -= indent_step;
                    o << "\n";
                }

                o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') << "]";
                return;
            }

            case value_t::string:
            {
                o << string_t("\"") << escape_string(*m_value.string) << "\"";
                return;
            }

            case value_t::boolean:
            {
                o << (m_value.boolean ? "true" : "false");
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
                o << numtostr(m_value.number_integer).c_str();
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
                o << numtostr(m_value.number_unsigned).c_str();
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
                o << numtostr(m_value.number_float).c_str();
                return;
            }

            case value_t::discarded:
            {
                o << "<discarded>";
                return;
            }

            case value_t::null:
            {
                o << "null";
                return;
            }
        }
    }

  private:
    // member variables //

    value_t m_type = value_t::null;

    json_value m_value = {};


  private:
    // iterators //

    class primitive_iterator_t
    {
      public:

        difference_type get_value() const noexcept
        {
            return m_it;
        }
        void set_begin() noexcept
        {
            m_it = begin_value;
        }

        void set_end() noexcept
        {
            m_it = end_value;
        }

        constexpr bool is_begin() const noexcept
        {
            return (m_it == begin_value);
        }

        constexpr bool is_end() const noexcept
        {
            return (m_it == end_value);
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator==(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator!=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return !(lhs == rhs);
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator<(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator<=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it <= rhs.m_it;
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator>(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it > rhs.m_it;
        }

        friend constexpr bool operator>=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it >= rhs.m_it;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t operator+(difference_type i)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            result += i;
            return result;
        }

        friend constexpr difference_type operator-(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
        }

        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, primitive_iterator_t it)
        {
            return os << it.m_it;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t& operator++()
        {
            ++m_it;
            return *this;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t operator++(int)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            m_it++;
            return result;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t& operator--()
        {
            --m_it;
            return *this;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t operator--(int)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            m_it--;
            return result;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t& operator+=(difference_type n)
        {
            m_it += n;
            return *this;
        }

        primitive_iterator_t& operator-=(difference_type n)
        {
            m_it -= n;
            return *this;
        }

      private:
        static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
        static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;

        difference_type m_it = std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::denorm_min();
    };

    struct internal_iterator
    {
        typename object_t::iterator object_iterator;
        typename array_t::iterator array_iterator;
        primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator;

        internal_iterator() noexcept
            : object_iterator(), array_iterator(), primitive_iterator()
        {}
    };

    template<typename IteratorType>
    class iteration_proxy
    {
      private:
        class iteration_proxy_internal
        {
          private:
            IteratorType anchor;
            size_t array_index = 0;

          public:
            explicit iteration_proxy_internal(IteratorType it) noexcept
                : anchor(it)
            {}

            iteration_proxy_internal& operator*()
            {
                return *this;
            }

            iteration_proxy_internal& operator++()
            {
                ++anchor;
                ++array_index;

                return *this;
            }

            bool operator!= (const iteration_proxy_internal& o) const
            {
                return anchor != o.anchor;
            }

            typename basic_json::string_t key() const
            {
                assert(anchor.m_object != nullptr);

                switch (anchor.m_object->type())
                {
                    // use integer array index as key
                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        return std::to_string(array_index);
                    }

                    // use key from the object
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        return anchor.key();
                    }

                    // use an empty key for all primitive types
                    default:
                    {
                        return "";
                    }
                }
            }

            typename IteratorType::reference value() const
            {
                return anchor.value();
            }
        };

        typename IteratorType::reference container;

      public:
        explicit iteration_proxy(typename IteratorType::reference cont)
            : container(cont)
        {}

        iteration_proxy_internal begin() noexcept
        {
            return iteration_proxy_internal(container.begin());
        }

        iteration_proxy_internal end() noexcept
        {
            return iteration_proxy_internal(container.end());
        }
    };

  public:
    template<typename U>
    class iter_impl : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, U>
    {
        friend class basic_json;

        // make sure U is basic_json or const basic_json
        static_assert(std::is_same<U, basic_json>::value
                      or std::is_same<U, const basic_json>::value,
                      "iter_impl only accepts (const) basic_json");

      public:
        using value_type = typename basic_json::value_type;
        using difference_type = typename basic_json::difference_type;
        using pointer = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<U>::value,
              typename basic_json::const_pointer,
              typename basic_json::pointer>::type;
        using reference = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<U>::value,
              typename basic_json::const_reference,
              typename basic_json::reference>::type;
        using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;

        iter_impl() = default;

        explicit iter_impl(pointer object) noexcept
            : m_object(object)
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
        Use operator `const_iterator` instead of `const_iterator(const iterator&
        other) noexcept` to avoid two class definitions for @ref iterator and
        @ref const_iterator.

        This function is only called if this class is an @ref iterator. If this
        class is a @ref const_iterator this function is not called.
        */
        operator const_iterator() const
        {
            const_iterator ret;

            if (m_object)
            {
                ret.m_object = m_object;
                ret.m_it = m_it;
            }

            return ret;
        }

        iter_impl(const iter_impl& other) noexcept
            : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it)
        {}

        iter_impl& operator=(iter_impl other) noexcept(
            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<pointer>::value and
            std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<pointer>::value and
            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<internal_iterator>::value and
            std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<internal_iterator>::value
        )
        {
            std::swap(m_object, other.m_object);
            std::swap(m_it, other.m_it);
            return *this;
        }

      private:
        void set_begin() noexcept
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::null:
                {
                    // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
                    m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        void set_end() noexcept
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

      public:
        reference operator*() const
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
                    return m_it.object_iterator->second;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
                    return *m_it.array_iterator;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::null:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot get value"));
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                    {
                        return *m_object;
                    }

                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot get value"));
                }
            }
        }

        pointer operator->() const
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
                    return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
                    return &*m_it.array_iterator;
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                    {
                        return m_object;
                    }

                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot get value"));
                }
            }
        }

        iter_impl operator++(int)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            ++(*this);
            return result;
        }

        iter_impl& operator++()
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, 1);
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, 1);
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        iter_impl operator--(int)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            --(*this);
            return result;
        }

        iter_impl& operator--()
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, -1);
                    break;
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, -1);
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    --m_it.primitive_iterator;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        bool operator==(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
            if (m_object != other.m_object)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
            }

            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
                }

                default:
                {
                    return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
                }
            }
        }

        bool operator!=(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            return not operator==(other);
        }

        bool operator<(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
            if (m_object != other.m_object)
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
            }

            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot compare order of object iterators"));
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
                }

                default:
                {
                    return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
                }
            }
        }

        bool operator<=(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            return not other.operator < (*this);
        }

        bool operator>(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            return not operator<=(other);
        }

        bool operator>=(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            return not operator<(other);
        }

        iter_impl& operator+=(difference_type i)
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, i);
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return *this;
        }

        iter_impl& operator-=(difference_type i)
        {
            return operator+=(-i);
        }

        iter_impl operator+(difference_type i)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            result += i;
            return result;
        }

        iter_impl operator-(difference_type i)
        {
            auto result = *this;
            result -= i;
            return result;
        }

        difference_type operator-(const iter_impl& other) const
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
                }

                default:
                {
                    return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
                }
            }
        }

        reference operator[](difference_type n) const
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            switch (m_object->m_type)
            {
                case basic_json::value_t::object:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] for object iterators"));
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::array:
                {
                    return *std::next(m_it.array_iterator, n);
                }

                case basic_json::value_t::null:
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot get value"));
                }

                default:
                {
                    if (m_it.primitive_iterator.get_value() == -n)
                    {
                        return *m_object;
                    }

                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("cannot get value"));
                }
            }
        }

        typename object_t::key_type key() const
        {
            assert(m_object != nullptr);

            if (m_object->is_object())
            {
                return m_it.object_iterator->first;
            }

            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("cannot use key() for non-object iterators"));
        }

        reference value() const
        {
            return operator*();
        }

      private:
        pointer m_object = nullptr;
        internal_iterator m_it = internal_iterator();
    };

    template<typename Base>
    class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base>
    {
      public:
        using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
        using reference = typename Base::reference;

        json_reverse_iterator(const typename base_iterator::iterator_type& it) noexcept
            : base_iterator(it)
        {}

        json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator& it) noexcept
            : base_iterator(it)
        {}

        json_reverse_iterator operator++(int)
        {
            return base_iterator::operator++(1);
        }

        json_reverse_iterator& operator++()
        {
            base_iterator::operator++();
            return *this;
        }

        json_reverse_iterator operator--(int)
        {
            return base_iterator::operator--(1);
        }

        json_reverse_iterator& operator--()
        {
            base_iterator::operator--();
            return *this;
        }

        json_reverse_iterator& operator+=(difference_type i)
        {
            base_iterator::operator+=(i);
            return *this;
        }

        json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const
        {
            auto result = *this;
            result += i;
            return result;
        }

        json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const
        {
            auto result = *this;
            result -= i;
            return result;
        }

        difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator& other) const
        {
            return this->base() - other.base();
        }

        reference operator[](difference_type n) const
        {
            return *(this->operator+(n));
        }

        typename object_t::key_type key() const
        {
            auto it = --this->base();
            return it.key();
        }

        reference value() const
        {
            auto it = --this->base();
            return it.operator * ();
        }
    };


  private:
    // lexer and parser //

    class lexer
    {
      public:
        enum class token_type
        {
            uninitialized,   
            literal_true,    
            literal_false,   
            literal_null,    
            value_string,    
            value_unsigned,  
            value_integer,   
            value_float,     
            begin_array,     
            begin_object,    
            end_array,       
            end_object,      
            name_separator,  
            value_separator, 
            parse_error,     
            end_of_input     
        };

        using lexer_char_t = unsigned char;

        lexer(const lexer_char_t* buff, const size_t len) noexcept
            : m_content(buff)
        {
            assert(m_content != nullptr);
            m_start = m_cursor = m_content;
            m_limit = m_content + len;
        }

        explicit lexer(std::istream& s)
            : m_stream(&s), m_line_buffer()
        {
            // immediately abort if stream is erroneous
            if (s.fail())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("stream error"));
            }

            // fill buffer
            fill_line_buffer();

            // skip UTF-8 byte-order mark
            if (m_line_buffer.size() >= 3 and m_line_buffer.substr(0, 3) == "\xEF\xBB\xBF")
            {
                m_line_buffer[0] = ' ';
                m_line_buffer[1] = ' ';
                m_line_buffer[2] = ' ';
            }
        }

        // switch off unwanted functions (due to pointer members)
        lexer() = delete;
        lexer(const lexer&) = delete;
        lexer operator=(const lexer&) = delete;

        static string_t to_unicode(const std::size_t codepoint1,
                                   const std::size_t codepoint2 = 0)
        {
            // calculate the code point from the given code points
            std::size_t codepoint = codepoint1;

            // check if codepoint1 is a high surrogate
            if (codepoint1 >= 0xD800 and codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF)
            {
                // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
                if (codepoint2 >= 0xDC00 and codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF)
                {
                    codepoint =
                        // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
                        (codepoint1 << 10)
                        // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
                        + codepoint2
                        // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
                        // in the result so we have to subtract with:
                        // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
                        - 0x35FDC00;
                }
                else
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("missing or wrong low surrogate"));
                }
            }

            string_t result;

            if (codepoint < 0x80)
            {
                // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(codepoint));
            }
            else if (codepoint <= 0x7ff)
            {
                // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xC0 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x1F)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
            }
            else if (codepoint <= 0xffff)
            {
                // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xE0 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x0F)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
            }
            else if (codepoint <= 0x10ffff)
            {
                // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xF0 | ((codepoint >> 18) & 0x07)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
                result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
            }
            else
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid"));
            }

            return result;
        }

        static std::string token_type_name(const token_type t)
        {
            switch (t)
            {
                case token_type::uninitialized:
                    return "<uninitialized>";
                case token_type::literal_true:
                    return "true literal";
                case token_type::literal_false:
                    return "false literal";
                case token_type::literal_null:
                    return "null literal";
                case token_type::value_string:
                    return "string literal";
                case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
                case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
                case lexer::token_type::value_float:
                    return "number literal";
                case token_type::begin_array:
                    return "'['";
                case token_type::begin_object:
                    return "'{'";
                case token_type::end_array:
                    return "']'";
                case token_type::end_object:
                    return "'}'";
                case token_type::name_separator:
                    return "':'";
                case token_type::value_separator:
                    return "','";
                case token_type::parse_error:
                    return "<parse error>";
                case token_type::end_of_input:
                    return "end of input";
                default:
                {
                    // catch non-enum values
                    return "unknown token"; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                }
            }
        }

        token_type scan()
        {
            while (true)
            {
                // pointer for backtracking information
                m_marker = nullptr;

                // remember the begin of the token
                m_start = m_cursor;
                assert(m_start != nullptr);


                {
                    lexer_char_t yych;
                    unsigned int yyaccept = 0;
                    static const unsigned char yybm[] =
                    {
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,  32,  32,   0,   0,  32,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        160, 128,   0, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192,
                        192, 192, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128,   0, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                        0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                    };
                    if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 5)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(5);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yybm[0 + yych] & 32)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_6;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '[')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '-')
                        {
                            if (yych <= '"')
                            {
                                if (yych <= 0x00)
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_2;
                                }
                                if (yych <= '!')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_9;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych <= '+')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
                                }
                                if (yych <= ',')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_10;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_12;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= '9')
                            {
                                if (yych <= '/')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
                                }
                                if (yych <= '0')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_13;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_15;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych <= ':')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_17;
                                }
                                if (yych <= 'Z')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_19;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'n')
                        {
                            if (yych <= 'e')
                            {
                                if (yych == ']')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_21;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_4;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych <= 'f')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_23;
                                }
                                if (yych <= 'm')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_24;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= 'z')
                            {
                                if (yych == 't')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_25;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_4;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych <= '{')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_26;
                                }
                                if (yych == '}')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_28;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_4;
                            }
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_2:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::end_of_input;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_4:
                    ++m_cursor;
basic_json_parser_5:
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::parse_error;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_6:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yybm[0 + yych] & 32)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_6;
                    }
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
basic_json_parser_9:
                    yyaccept = 0;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych <= 0x1F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_31;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xC1)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xF4)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_31;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_5;
basic_json_parser_10:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::value_separator;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_12:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '/')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '0')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_43;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_45;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_5;
basic_json_parser_13:
                    yyaccept = 1;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        if (yych == '.')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_47;
                        }
                        if (yych >= '0')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_48;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'E')
                        {
                            if (yych >= 'E')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych == 'e')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
                            }
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_14:
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::value_unsigned;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_15:
                    yyaccept = 1;
                    m_marker = ++m_cursor;
                    if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yybm[0 + yych] & 64)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_15;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 'D')
                    {
                        if (yych == '.')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_47;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_14;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'E')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_51;
                        }
                        if (yych == 'e')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_51;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_14;
                    }
basic_json_parser_17:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::name_separator;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_19:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::begin_array;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_21:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::end_array;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_23:
                    yyaccept = 0;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych == 'a')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_52;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_5;
basic_json_parser_24:
                    yyaccept = 0;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych == 'u')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_53;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_5;
basic_json_parser_25:
                    yyaccept = 0;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych == 'r')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_54;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_5;
basic_json_parser_26:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::begin_object;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_28:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::end_object;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_30:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
basic_json_parser_31:
                    if (yybm[0 + yych] & 128)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_30;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xE0)
                    {
                        if (yych <= '\\')
                        {
                            if (yych <= 0x1F)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                            if (yych <= '"')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_33;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_35;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= 0xC1)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                            if (yych <= 0xDF)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_36;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_37;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 0xEF)
                        {
                            if (yych == 0xED)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_39;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_38;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= 0xF0)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_40;
                            }
                            if (yych <= 0xF3)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_41;
                            }
                            if (yych <= 0xF4)
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_42;
                            }
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_32:
                    m_cursor = m_marker;
                    if (yyaccept <= 1)
                    {
                        if (yyaccept == 0)
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_5;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_14;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yyaccept == 2)
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_44;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_58;
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_33:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::value_string;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_35:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 'e')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            if (yych == '"')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
                            }
                            if (yych <= '.')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= '\\')
                            {
                                if (yych <= '[')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych == 'b')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'q')
                        {
                            if (yych <= 'f')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
                            }
                            if (yych == 'n')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych <= 's')
                            {
                                if (yych <= 'r')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                if (yych <= 't')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
                                }
                                if (yych <= 'u')
                                {
                                    goto basic_json_parser_55;
                                }
                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
                            }
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_36:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xBF)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_30;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_37:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x9F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xBF)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_36;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_38:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xBF)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_36;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_39:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0x9F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_36;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_40:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x8F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xBF)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_38;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_41:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0xBF)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_38;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_42:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 0x7F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= 0x8F)
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_38;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_43:
                    yyaccept = 2;
                    yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        if (yych == '.')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_47;
                        }
                        if (yych >= '0')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_48;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'E')
                        {
                            if (yych >= 'E')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych == 'e')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
                            }
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_44:
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::value_integer;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_45:
                    yyaccept = 2;
                    m_marker = ++m_cursor;
                    if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        if (yych == '.')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_47;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_44;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_45;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'E')
                        {
                            if (yych <= 'D')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_44;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_51;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (yych == 'e')
                            {
                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
                            }
                            goto basic_json_parser_44;
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_47:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '/')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_56;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_48:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '/')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_50;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_48;
                    }
basic_json_parser_50:
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::parse_error;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_51:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= ',')
                    {
                        if (yych == '+')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_59;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= '-')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_59;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_60;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
basic_json_parser_52:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'l')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_62;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_53:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'l')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_63;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_54:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'u')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_64;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_55:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '@')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_65;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'F')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_65;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '`')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= 'f')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_65;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
basic_json_parser_56:
                    yyaccept = 3;
                    m_marker = ++m_cursor;
                    if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= 'D')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_58;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_56;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'E')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_51;
                        }
                        if (yych == 'e')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_51;
                        }
                    }
basic_json_parser_58:
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::value_float;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_59:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '/')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    if (yych >= ':')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
basic_json_parser_60:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '/')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_58;
                    }
                    if (yych <= '9')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_60;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_58;
basic_json_parser_62:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 's')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_66;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_63:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'l')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_67;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_64:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'e')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_69;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_65:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '@')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_71;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'F')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_71;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '`')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= 'f')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_71;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
basic_json_parser_66:
                    yych = *++m_cursor;
                    if (yych == 'e')
                    {
                        goto basic_json_parser_72;
                    }
                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
basic_json_parser_67:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::literal_null;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_69:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::literal_true;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_71:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '@')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_74;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'F')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_74;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '`')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= 'f')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_74;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
basic_json_parser_72:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    {
                        last_token_type = token_type::literal_false;
                        break;
                    }
basic_json_parser_74:
                    ++m_cursor;
                    if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                    {
                        fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                    yych = *m_cursor;
                    if (yych <= '@')
                    {
                        if (yych <= '/')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '9')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (yych <= 'F')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
                        }
                        if (yych <= '`')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
                        }
                        if (yych <= 'f')
                        {
                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
                        }
                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
                    }
                }

            }

            return last_token_type;
        }

        void fill_line_buffer(size_t n = 0)
        {
            // if line buffer is used, m_content points to its data
            assert(m_line_buffer.empty()
                   or m_content == reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t*>(m_line_buffer.data()));

            // if line buffer is used, m_limit is set past the end of its data
            assert(m_line_buffer.empty()
                   or m_limit == m_content + m_line_buffer.size());

            // pointer relationships
            assert(m_content <= m_start);
            assert(m_start <= m_cursor);
            assert(m_cursor <= m_limit);
            assert(m_marker == nullptr or m_marker  <= m_limit);

            // number of processed characters (p)
            const auto num_processed_chars = static_cast<size_t>(m_start - m_content);
            // offset for m_marker wrt. to m_start
            const auto offset_marker = (m_marker == nullptr) ? 0 : m_marker - m_start;
            // number of unprocessed characters (u)
            const auto offset_cursor = m_cursor - m_start;

            // no stream is used or end of file is reached
            if (m_stream == nullptr or m_stream->eof())
            {
                // m_start may or may not be pointing into m_line_buffer at
                // this point. We trust the standard library to do the right
                // thing. See http://stackoverflow.com/q/28142011/266378
                m_line_buffer.assign(m_start, m_limit);

                // append n characters to make sure that there is sufficient
                // space between m_cursor and m_limit
                m_line_buffer.append(1, '\x00');
                if (n > 0)
                {
                    m_line_buffer.append(n - 1, '\x01');
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // delete processed characters from line buffer
                m_line_buffer.erase(0, num_processed_chars);
                // read next line from input stream
                m_line_buffer_tmp.clear();
                std::getline(*m_stream, m_line_buffer_tmp, '\n');

                // add line with newline symbol to the line buffer
                m_line_buffer += m_line_buffer_tmp;
                m_line_buffer.push_back('\n');
            }

            // set pointers
            m_content = reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t*>(m_line_buffer.data());
            assert(m_content != nullptr);
            m_start  = m_content;
            m_marker = m_start + offset_marker;
            m_cursor = m_start + offset_cursor;
            m_limit  = m_start + m_line_buffer.size();
        }

        string_t get_token_string() const
        {
            assert(m_start != nullptr);
            return string_t(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(m_start),
                            static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start));
        }

        string_t get_string() const
        {
            assert(m_cursor - m_start >= 2);

            string_t result;
            result.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start - 2));

            // iterate the result between the quotes
            for (const lexer_char_t* i = m_start + 1; i < m_cursor - 1; ++i)
            {
                // find next escape character
                auto e = std::find(i, m_cursor - 1, '\\');
                if (e != i)
                {
                    // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/365#issuecomment-262874705
                    for (auto k = i; k < e; k++)
                    {
                        result.push_back(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(*k));
                    }
                    i = e - 1; // -1 because of ++i
                }
                else
                {
                    // processing escaped character
                    // read next character
                    ++i;

                    switch (*i)
                    {
                        // the default escapes
                        case 't':
                        {
                            result += "\t";
                            break;
                        }
                        case 'b':
                        {
                            result += "\b";
                            break;
                        }
                        case 'f':
                        {
                            result += "\f";
                            break;
                        }
                        case 'n':
                        {
                            result += "\n";
                            break;
                        }
                        case 'r':
                        {
                            result += "\r";
                            break;
                        }
                        case '\\':
                        {
                            result += "\\";
                            break;
                        }
                        case '/':
                        {
                            result += "/";
                            break;
                        }
                        case '"':
                        {
                            result += "\"";
                            break;
                        }

                        // unicode
                        case 'u':
                        {
                            // get code xxxx from uxxxx
                            auto codepoint = std::strtoul(std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(i + 1),
                                                          4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);

                            // check if codepoint is a high surrogate
                            if (codepoint >= 0xD800 and codepoint <= 0xDBFF)
                            {
                                // make sure there is a subsequent unicode
                                if ((i + 6 >= m_limit) or * (i + 5) != '\\' or * (i + 6) != 'u')
                                {
                                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("missing low surrogate"));
                                }

                                // get code yyyy from uxxxx\uyyyy
                                auto codepoint2 = std::strtoul(std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>
                                                               (i + 7), 4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
                                result += to_unicode(codepoint, codepoint2);
                                // skip the next 10 characters (xxxx\uyyyy)
                                i += 10;
                            }
                            else if (codepoint >= 0xDC00 and codepoint <= 0xDFFF)
                            {
                                // we found a lone low surrogate
                                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("missing high surrogate"));
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                // add unicode character(s)
                                result += to_unicode(codepoint);
                                // skip the next four characters (xxxx)
                                i += 4;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            return result;
        }


        struct strtonum
        {
          public:
            strtonum(const char* start, const char* end)
                : m_start(start), m_end(end)
            {}

            template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>::type>
            bool to(T& val) const
            {
                return parse(val, std::is_integral<T>());
            }

          private:
            const char* const m_start = nullptr;
            const char* const m_end = nullptr;

            // floating-point conversion

            // overloaded wrappers for strtod/strtof/strtold
            // that will be called from parse<floating_point_t>
            static void strtof(float& f, const char* str, char** endptr)
            {
                f = std::strtof(str, endptr);
            }

            static void strtof(double& f, const char* str, char** endptr)
            {
                f = std::strtod(str, endptr);
            }

            static void strtof(long double& f, const char* str, char** endptr)
            {
                f = std::strtold(str, endptr);
            }

            template<typename T>
            bool parse(T& value, /*is_integral=*/std::false_type) const
            {
                // replace decimal separator with locale-specific version,
                // when necessary; data will point to either the original
                // string, or buf, or tempstr containing the fixed string.
                std::string tempstr;
                std::array<char, 64> buf;
                const size_t len = static_cast<size_t>(m_end - m_start);

                // lexer will reject empty numbers
                assert(len > 0);

                // since dealing with strtod family of functions, we're
                // getting the decimal point char from the C locale facilities
                // instead of C++'s numpunct facet of the current std::locale
                const auto loc = localeconv();
                assert(loc != nullptr);
                const char decimal_point_char = (loc->decimal_point == nullptr) ? '.' : loc->decimal_point[0];

                const char* data = m_start;

                if (decimal_point_char != '.')
                {
                    const size_t ds_pos = static_cast<size_t>(std::find(m_start, m_end, '.') - m_start);

                    if (ds_pos != len)
                    {
                        // copy the data into the local buffer or tempstr, if
                        // buffer is too small; replace decimal separator, and
                        // update data to point to the modified bytes
                        if ((len + 1) < buf.size())
                        {
                            std::copy(m_start, m_end, buf.begin());
                            buf[len] = 0;
                            buf[ds_pos] = decimal_point_char;
                            data = buf.data();
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            tempstr.assign(m_start, m_end);
                            tempstr[ds_pos] = decimal_point_char;
                            data = tempstr.c_str();
                        }
                    }
                }

                char* endptr = nullptr;
                value = 0;
                // this calls appropriate overload depending on T
                strtof(value, data, &endptr);

                // parsing was successful iff strtof parsed exactly the number
                // of characters determined by the lexer (len)
                const bool ok = (endptr == (data + len));

                if (ok and (value == static_cast<T>(0.0)) and (*data == '-'))
                {
                    // some implementations forget to negate the zero
                    value = -0.0;
                }

                return ok;
            }

            // integral conversion

            signed long long parse_integral(char** endptr, /*is_signed*/std::true_type) const
            {
                return std::strtoll(m_start, endptr, 10);
            }

            unsigned long long parse_integral(char** endptr, /*is_signed*/std::false_type) const
            {
                return std::strtoull(m_start, endptr, 10);
            }

            template<typename T>
            bool parse(T& value, /*is_integral=*/std::true_type) const
            {
                char* endptr = nullptr;
                errno = 0; // these are thread-local
                const auto x = parse_integral(&endptr, std::is_signed<T>());

                // called right overload?
                static_assert(std::is_signed<T>() == std::is_signed<decltype(x)>(), "");

                value = static_cast<T>(x);

                return (x == static_cast<decltype(x)>(value)) // x fits into destination T
                       and (x < 0) == (value < 0)             // preserved sign
                       //and ((x != 0) or is_integral())        // strto[u]ll did nto fail
                       and (errno == 0)                       // strto[u]ll did not overflow
                       and (m_start < m_end)                  // token was not empty
                       and (endptr == m_end);                 // parsed entire token exactly
            }
        };

        bool get_number(basic_json& result, const token_type token) const
        {
            assert(m_start != nullptr);
            assert(m_start < m_cursor);
            assert((token == token_type::value_unsigned) or
                   (token == token_type::value_integer) or
                   (token == token_type::value_float));

            strtonum num_converter(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(m_start),
                                   reinterpret_cast<const char*>(m_cursor));

            switch (token)
            {
                case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
                {
                    number_unsigned_t val;
                    if (num_converter.to(val))
                    {
                        // parsing successful
                        result.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
                        result.m_value = val;
                        return true;
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
                {
                    number_integer_t val;
                    if (num_converter.to(val))
                    {
                        // parsing successful
                        result.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
                        result.m_value = val;
                        return true;
                    }
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    break;
                }
            }

            // parse float (either explicitly or because a previous conversion
            // failed)
            number_float_t val;
            if (num_converter.to(val))
            {
                // parsing successful
                result.m_type = value_t::number_float;
                result.m_value = val;

                // replace infinity and NAN by null
                if (not std::isfinite(result.m_value.number_float))
                {
                    result.m_type  = value_t::null;
                    result.m_value = basic_json::json_value();
                }

                return true;
            }

            // couldn't parse number in any format
            return false;
        }

      private:
        std::istream* m_stream = nullptr;
        string_t m_line_buffer {};
        string_t m_line_buffer_tmp {};
        const lexer_char_t* m_content = nullptr;
        const lexer_char_t* m_start = nullptr;
        const lexer_char_t* m_marker = nullptr;
        const lexer_char_t* m_cursor = nullptr;
        const lexer_char_t* m_limit = nullptr;
        token_type last_token_type = token_type::end_of_input;
    };

    class parser
    {
      public:
        parser(const char* buff, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
            : callback(cb),
              m_lexer(reinterpret_cast<const typename lexer::lexer_char_t*>(buff), std::strlen(buff))
        {}

        parser(std::istream& is, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
            : callback(cb), m_lexer(is)
        {}

        template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
                     std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value
                     , int>::type
                 = 0>
        parser(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
            : callback(cb),
              m_lexer(reinterpret_cast<const typename lexer::lexer_char_t*>(&(*first)),
                      static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(first, last)))
        {}

        basic_json parse()
        {
            // read first token
            get_token();

            basic_json result = parse_internal(true);
            result.assert_invariant();

            expect(lexer::token_type::end_of_input);

            // return parser result and replace it with null in case the
            // top-level value was discarded by the callback function
            return result.is_discarded() ? basic_json() : std::move(result);
        }

      private:
        basic_json parse_internal(bool keep)
        {
            auto result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);

            switch (last_token)
            {
                case lexer::token_type::begin_object:
                {
                    if (keep and (not callback
                                  or ((keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::object_start, result)) != 0)))
                    {
                        // explicitly set result to object to cope with {}
                        result.m_type = value_t::object;
                        result.m_value = value_t::object;
                    }

                    // read next token
                    get_token();

                    // closing } -> we are done
                    if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_object)
                    {
                        get_token();
                        if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result))
                        {
                            result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                        }
                        return result;
                    }

                    // no comma is expected here
                    unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);

                    // otherwise: parse key-value pairs
                    do
                    {
                        // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
                        if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator)
                        {
                            get_token();
                        }

                        // store key
                        expect(lexer::token_type::value_string);
                        const auto key = m_lexer.get_string();

                        bool keep_tag = false;
                        if (keep)
                        {
                            if (callback)
                            {
                                basic_json k(key);
                                keep_tag = callback(depth, parse_event_t::key, k);
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                keep_tag = true;
                            }
                        }

                        // parse separator (:)
                        get_token();
                        expect(lexer::token_type::name_separator);

                        // parse and add value
                        get_token();
                        auto value = parse_internal(keep);
                        if (keep and keep_tag and not value.is_discarded())
                        {
                            result[key] = std::move(value);
                        }
                    }
                    while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);

                    // closing }
                    expect(lexer::token_type::end_object);
                    get_token();
                    if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result))
                    {
                        result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                    }

                    return result;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::begin_array:
                {
                    if (keep and (not callback
                                  or ((keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::array_start, result)) != 0)))
                    {
                        // explicitly set result to object to cope with []
                        result.m_type = value_t::array;
                        result.m_value = value_t::array;
                    }

                    // read next token
                    get_token();

                    // closing ] -> we are done
                    if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_array)
                    {
                        get_token();
                        if (callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result))
                        {
                            result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                        }
                        return result;
                    }

                    // no comma is expected here
                    unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);

                    // otherwise: parse values
                    do
                    {
                        // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
                        if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator)
                        {
                            get_token();
                        }

                        // parse value
                        auto value = parse_internal(keep);
                        if (keep and not value.is_discarded())
                        {
                            result.push_back(std::move(value));
                        }
                    }
                    while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);

                    // closing ]
                    expect(lexer::token_type::end_array);
                    get_token();
                    if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result))
                    {
                        result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                    }

                    return result;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::literal_null:
                {
                    get_token();
                    result.m_type = value_t::null;
                    break;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::value_string:
                {
                    const auto s = m_lexer.get_string();
                    get_token();
                    result = basic_json(s);
                    break;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::literal_true:
                {
                    get_token();
                    result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
                    result.m_value = true;
                    break;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::literal_false:
                {
                    get_token();
                    result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
                    result.m_value = false;
                    break;
                }

                case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
                case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
                case lexer::token_type::value_float:
                {
                    m_lexer.get_number(result, last_token);
                    get_token();
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    // the last token was unexpected
                    unexpect(last_token);
                }
            }

            if (keep and callback and not callback(depth, parse_event_t::value, result))
            {
                result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
            }
            return result;
        }

        typename lexer::token_type get_token()
        {
            last_token = m_lexer.scan();
            return last_token;
        }

        void expect(typename lexer::token_type t) const
        {
            if (t != last_token)
            {
                std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected ";
                error_msg += (last_token == lexer::token_type::parse_error ? ("'" +  m_lexer.get_token_string() +
                              "'") :
                              lexer::token_type_name(last_token));
                error_msg += "; expected " + lexer::token_type_name(t);
                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument(error_msg));
            }
        }

        void unexpect(typename lexer::token_type t) const
        {
            if (t == last_token)
            {
                std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected ";
                error_msg += (last_token == lexer::token_type::parse_error ? ("'" +  m_lexer.get_token_string() +
                              "'") :
                              lexer::token_type_name(last_token));
                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument(error_msg));
            }
        }

      private:
        int depth = 0;
        const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
        typename lexer::token_type last_token = lexer::token_type::uninitialized;
        lexer m_lexer;
    };

  public:
    class json_pointer
    {
        friend class basic_json;

      public:
        explicit json_pointer(const std::string& s = "")
            : reference_tokens(split(s))
        {}

        std::string to_string() const noexcept
        {
            return std::accumulate(reference_tokens.begin(),
                                   reference_tokens.end(), std::string{},
                                   [](const std::string & a, const std::string & b)
            {
                return a + "/" + escape(b);
            });
        }

        operator std::string() const
        {
            return to_string();
        }

      private:
        std::string pop_back()
        {
            if (is_root())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("JSON pointer has no parent"));
            }

            auto last = reference_tokens.back();
            reference_tokens.pop_back();
            return last;
        }

        bool is_root() const
        {
            return reference_tokens.empty();
        }

        json_pointer top() const
        {
            if (is_root())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("JSON pointer has no parent"));
            }

            json_pointer result = *this;
            result.reference_tokens = {reference_tokens[0]};
            return result;
        }

        reference get_and_create(reference j) const
        {
            pointer result = &j;

            // in case no reference tokens exist, return a reference to the
            // JSON value j which will be overwritten by a primitive value
            for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
            {
                switch (result->m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::null:
                    {
                        if (reference_token == "0")
                        {
                            // start a new array if reference token is 0
                            result = &result->operator[](0);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // start a new object otherwise
                            result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
                        }
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // create an entry in the object
                        result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        // create an entry in the array
                        result = &result->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
                        break;
                    }

                    /*
                    The following code is only reached if there exists a
                    reference token _and_ the current value is primitive. In
                    this case, we have an error situation, because primitive
                    values may only occur as single value; that is, with an
                    empty list of reference tokens.
                    */
                    default:
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("invalid value to unflatten"));
                    }
                }
            }

            return *result;
        }

        reference get_unchecked(pointer ptr) const
        {
            for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
            {
                // convert null values to arrays or objects before continuing
                if (ptr->m_type == value_t::null)
                {
                    // check if reference token is a number
                    const bool nums = std::all_of(reference_token.begin(),
                                                  reference_token.end(),
                                                  [](const char x)
                    {
                        return std::isdigit(x);
                    });

                    // change value to array for numbers or "-" or to object
                    // otherwise
                    if (nums or reference_token == "-")
                    {
                        *ptr = value_t::array;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        *ptr = value_t::object;
                    }
                }

                switch (ptr->m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // use unchecked object access
                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
                        if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0')
                        {
                            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("array index must not begin with '0'"));
                        }

                        if (reference_token == "-")
                        {
                            // explicitly treat "-" as index beyond the end
                            ptr = &ptr->operator[](ptr->m_value.array->size());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // convert array index to number; unchecked access
                            ptr = &ptr->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
                        }
                        break;
                    }

                    default:
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
                    }
                }
            }

            return *ptr;
        }

        reference get_checked(pointer ptr) const
        {
            for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
            {
                switch (ptr->m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // note: at performs range check
                        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        if (reference_token == "-")
                        {
                            // "-" always fails the range check
                            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index '-' (" +
                                                         std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
                                                         ") is out of range"));
                        }

                        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
                        if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0')
                        {
                            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("array index must not begin with '0'"));
                        }

                        // note: at performs range check
                        ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
                        break;
                    }

                    default:
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
                    }
                }
            }

            return *ptr;
        }

        const_reference get_unchecked(const_pointer ptr) const
        {
            for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
            {
                switch (ptr->m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // use unchecked object access
                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        if (reference_token == "-")
                        {
                            // "-" cannot be used for const access
                            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index '-' (" +
                                                         std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
                                                         ") is out of range"));
                        }

                        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
                        if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0')
                        {
                            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("array index must not begin with '0'"));
                        }

                        // use unchecked array access
                        ptr = &ptr->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
                        break;
                    }

                    default:
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
                    }
                }
            }

            return *ptr;
        }

        const_reference get_checked(const_pointer ptr) const
        {
            for (const auto& reference_token : reference_tokens)
            {
                switch (ptr->m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // note: at performs range check
                        ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        if (reference_token == "-")
                        {
                            // "-" always fails the range check
                            JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index '-' (" +
                                                         std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
                                                         ") is out of range"));
                        }

                        // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
                        if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0')
                        {
                            JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("array index must not begin with '0'"));
                        }

                        // note: at performs range check
                        ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
                        break;
                    }

                    default:
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
                    }
                }
            }

            return *ptr;
        }

        static std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string& reference_string)
        {
            std::vector<std::string> result;

            // special case: empty reference string -> no reference tokens
            if (reference_string.empty())
            {
                return result;
            }

            // check if nonempty reference string begins with slash
            if (reference_string[0] != '/')
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/'"));
            }

            // extract the reference tokens:
            // - slash: position of the last read slash (or end of string)
            // - start: position after the previous slash
            for (
                // search for the first slash after the first character
                size_t slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', 1),
                // set the beginning of the first reference token
                start = 1;
                // we can stop if start == string::npos+1 = 0
                start != 0;
                // set the beginning of the next reference token
                // (will eventually be 0 if slash == std::string::npos)
                start = slash + 1,
                // find next slash
                slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', start))
            {
                // use the text between the beginning of the reference token
                // (start) and the last slash (slash).
                auto reference_token = reference_string.substr(start, slash - start);

                // check reference tokens are properly escaped
                for (size_t pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~');
                        pos != std::string::npos;
                        pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~', pos + 1))
                {
                    assert(reference_token[pos] == '~');

                    // ~ must be followed by 0 or 1
                    if (pos == reference_token.size() - 1 or
                            (reference_token[pos + 1] != '0' and
                             reference_token[pos + 1] != '1'))
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("escape error: '~' must be followed with '0' or '1'"));
                    }
                }

                // finally, store the reference token
                unescape(reference_token);
                result.push_back(reference_token);
            }

            return result;
        }

      private:
        static void replace_substring(std::string& s,
                                      const std::string& f,
                                      const std::string& t)
        {
            assert(not f.empty());

            for (
                size_t pos = s.find(f);         // find first occurrence of f
                pos != std::string::npos;       // make sure f was found
                s.replace(pos, f.size(), t),    // replace with t
                pos = s.find(f, pos + t.size()) // find next occurrence of f
            );
        }

        static std::string escape(std::string s)
        {
            // escape "~"" to "~0" and "/" to "~1"
            replace_substring(s, "~", "~0");
            replace_substring(s, "/", "~1");
            return s;
        }

        static void unescape(std::string& s)
        {
            // first transform any occurrence of the sequence '~1' to '/'
            replace_substring(s, "~1", "/");
            // then transform any occurrence of the sequence '~0' to '~'
            replace_substring(s, "~0", "~");
        }

        static void flatten(const std::string& reference_string,
                            const basic_json& value,
                            basic_json& result)
        {
            switch (value.m_type)
            {
                case value_t::array:
                {
                    if (value.m_value.array->empty())
                    {
                        // flatten empty array as null
                        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // iterate array and use index as reference string
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < value.m_value.array->size(); ++i)
                        {
                            flatten(reference_string + "/" + std::to_string(i),
                                    value.m_value.array->operator[](i), result);
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case value_t::object:
                {
                    if (value.m_value.object->empty())
                    {
                        // flatten empty object as null
                        result[reference_string] = nullptr;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // iterate object and use keys as reference string
                        for (const auto& element : *value.m_value.object)
                        {
                            flatten(reference_string + "/" + escape(element.first),
                                    element.second, result);
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    // add primitive value with its reference string
                    result[reference_string] = value;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        static basic_json unflatten(const basic_json& value)
        {
            if (not value.is_object())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("only objects can be unflattened"));
            }

            basic_json result;

            // iterate the JSON object values
            for (const auto& element : *value.m_value.object)
            {
                if (not element.second.is_primitive())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("values in object must be primitive"));
                }

                // assign value to reference pointed to by JSON pointer; Note
                // that if the JSON pointer is "" (i.e., points to the whole
                // value), function get_and_create returns a reference to
                // result itself. An assignment will then create a primitive
                // value.
                json_pointer(element.first).get_and_create(result) = element.second;
            }

            return result;
        }

      private:
        friend bool operator==(json_pointer const& lhs,
                               json_pointer const& rhs) noexcept
        {
            return lhs.reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
        }

        friend bool operator!=(json_pointer const& lhs,
                               json_pointer const& rhs) noexcept
        {
            return !(lhs == rhs);
        }

        std::vector<std::string> reference_tokens {};
    };

    // JSON Pointer support //


    reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr)
    {
        return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
    }

    const_reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr) const
    {
        return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
    }

    reference at(const json_pointer& ptr)
    {
        return ptr.get_checked(this);
    }

    const_reference at(const json_pointer& ptr) const
    {
        return ptr.get_checked(this);
    }

    basic_json flatten() const
    {
        basic_json result(value_t::object);
        json_pointer::flatten("", *this, result);
        return result;
    }

    basic_json unflatten() const
    {
        return json_pointer::unflatten(*this);
    }


    // JSON Patch functions //


    basic_json patch(const basic_json& json_patch) const
    {
        // make a working copy to apply the patch to
        basic_json result = *this;

        // the valid JSON Patch operations
        enum class patch_operations {add, remove, replace, move, copy, test, invalid};

        const auto get_op = [](const std::string op)
        {
            if (op == "add")
            {
                return patch_operations::add;
            }
            if (op == "remove")
            {
                return patch_operations::remove;
            }
            if (op == "replace")
            {
                return patch_operations::replace;
            }
            if (op == "move")
            {
                return patch_operations::move;
            }
            if (op == "copy")
            {
                return patch_operations::copy;
            }
            if (op == "test")
            {
                return patch_operations::test;
            }

            return patch_operations::invalid;
        };

        // wrapper for "add" operation; add value at ptr
        const auto operation_add = [&result](json_pointer & ptr, basic_json val)
        {
            // adding to the root of the target document means replacing it
            if (ptr.is_root())
            {
                result = val;
            }
            else
            {
                // make sure the top element of the pointer exists
                json_pointer top_pointer = ptr.top();
                if (top_pointer != ptr)
                {
                    result.at(top_pointer);
                }

                // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
                const auto last_path = ptr.pop_back();
                basic_json& parent = result[ptr];

                switch (parent.m_type)
                {
                    case value_t::null:
                    case value_t::object:
                    {
                        // use operator[] to add value
                        parent[last_path] = val;
                        break;
                    }

                    case value_t::array:
                    {
                        if (last_path == "-")
                        {
                            // special case: append to back
                            parent.push_back(val);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            const auto idx = std::stoi(last_path);
                            if (static_cast<size_type>(idx) > parent.size())
                            {
                                // avoid undefined behavior
                                JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                // default case: insert add offset
                                parent.insert(parent.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx), val);
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    }

                    default:
                    {
                        // if there exists a parent it cannot be primitive
                        assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        // wrapper for "remove" operation; remove value at ptr
        const auto operation_remove = [&result](json_pointer & ptr)
        {
            // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
            const auto last_path = ptr.pop_back();
            basic_json& parent = result.at(ptr);

            // remove child
            if (parent.is_object())
            {
                // perform range check
                auto it = parent.find(last_path);
                if (it != parent.end())
                {
                    parent.erase(it);
                }
                else
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::out_of_range("key '" + last_path + "' not found"));
                }
            }
            else if (parent.is_array())
            {
                // note erase performs range check
                parent.erase(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(last_path)));
            }
        };

        // type check
        if (not json_patch.is_array())
        {
            // a JSON patch must be an array of objects
            JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
        }

        // iterate and apply the operations
        for (const auto& val : json_patch)
        {
            // wrapper to get a value for an operation
            const auto get_value = [&val](const std::string & op,
                                          const std::string & member,
                                          bool string_type) -> basic_json&
            {
                // find value
                auto it = val.m_value.object->find(member);

                // context-sensitive error message
                const auto error_msg = (op == "op") ? "operation" : "operation '" + op + "'";

                // check if desired value is present
                if (it == val.m_value.object->end())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument(error_msg + " must have member '" + member + "'"));
                }

                // check if result is of type string
                if (string_type and not it->second.is_string())
                {
                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument(error_msg + " must have string member '" + member + "'"));
                }

                // no error: return value
                return it->second;
            };

            // type check
            if (not val.is_object())
            {
                JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
            }

            // collect mandatory members
            const std::string op = get_value("op", "op", true);
            const std::string path = get_value(op, "path", true);
            json_pointer ptr(path);

            switch (get_op(op))
            {
                case patch_operations::add:
                {
                    operation_add(ptr, get_value("add", "value", false));
                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::remove:
                {
                    operation_remove(ptr);
                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::replace:
                {
                    // the "path" location must exist - use at()
                    result.at(ptr) = get_value("replace", "value", false);
                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::move:
                {
                    const std::string from_path = get_value("move", "from", true);
                    json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);

                    // the "from" location must exist - use at()
                    basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);

                    // The move operation is functionally identical to a
                    // "remove" operation on the "from" location, followed
                    // immediately by an "add" operation at the target
                    // location with the value that was just removed.
                    operation_remove(from_ptr);
                    operation_add(ptr, v);
                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::copy:
                {
                    const std::string from_path = get_value("copy", "from", true);;
                    const json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);

                    // the "from" location must exist - use at()
                    result[ptr] = result.at(from_ptr);
                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::test:
                {
                    bool success = false;
                    JSON_TRY
                    {
                        // check if "value" matches the one at "path"
                        // the "path" location must exist - use at()
                        success = (result.at(ptr) == get_value("test", "value", false));
                    }
                    JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range&)
                    {
                        // ignore out of range errors: success remains false
                    }

                    // throw an exception if test fails
                    if (not success)
                    {
                        JSON_THROW(std::domain_error("unsuccessful: " + val.dump()));
                    }

                    break;
                }

                case patch_operations::invalid:
                {
                    // op must be "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or
                    // "test"
                    JSON_THROW(std::invalid_argument("operation value '" + op + "' is invalid"));
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    static basic_json diff(const basic_json& source,
                           const basic_json& target,
                           const std::string& path = "")
    {
        // the patch
        basic_json result(value_t::array);

        // if the values are the same, return empty patch
        if (source == target)
        {
            return result;
        }

        if (source.type() != target.type())
        {
            // different types: replace value
            result.push_back(
            {
                {"op", "replace"},
                {"path", path},
                {"value", target}
            });
        }
        else
        {
            switch (source.type())
            {
                case value_t::array:
                {
                    // first pass: traverse common elements
                    size_t i = 0;
                    while (i < source.size() and i < target.size())
                    {
                        // recursive call to compare array values at index i
                        auto temp_diff = diff(source[i], target[i], path + "/" + std::to_string(i));
                        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
                        ++i;
                    }

                    // i now reached the end of at least one array
                    // in a second pass, traverse the remaining elements

                    // remove my remaining elements
                    const auto end_index = static_cast<difference_type>(result.size());
                    while (i < source.size())
                    {
                        // add operations in reverse order to avoid invalid
                        // indices
                        result.insert(result.begin() + end_index, object(
                        {
                            {"op", "remove"},
                            {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)}
                        }));
                        ++i;
                    }

                    // add other remaining elements
                    while (i < target.size())
                    {
                        result.push_back(
                        {
                            {"op", "add"},
                            {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)},
                            {"value", target[i]}
                        });
                        ++i;
                    }

                    break;
                }

                case value_t::object:
                {
                    // first pass: traverse this object's elements
                    for (auto it = source.begin(); it != source.end(); ++it)
                    {
                        // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
                        const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());

                        if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end())
                        {
                            // recursive call to compare object values at key it
                            auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path + "/" + key);
                            result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
                            result.push_back(object(
                            {
                                {"op", "remove"},
                                {"path", path + "/" + key}
                            }));
                        }
                    }

                    // second pass: traverse other object's elements
                    for (auto it = target.begin(); it != target.end(); ++it)
                    {
                        if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
                        {
                            // found a key that is not in this -> add it
                            const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
                            result.push_back(
                            {
                                {"op", "add"},
                                {"path", path + "/" + key},
                                {"value", it.value()}
                            });
                        }
                    }

                    break;
                }

                default:
                {
                    // both primitive type: replace value
                    result.push_back(
                    {
                        {"op", "replace"},
                        {"path", path},
                        {"value", target}
                    });
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

};

// presets //

using json = basic_json<>;
} // namespace nlohmann


// nonmember support //

// specialization of std::swap, and std::hash
namespace std
{
template<>
inline void swap(nlohmann::json& j1,
                 nlohmann::json& j2) noexcept(
                     is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::json>::value and
                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::json>::value
                 )
{
    j1.swap(j2);
}

template<>
struct hash<nlohmann::json>
{
    std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::json& j) const
    {
        // a naive hashing via the string representation
        const auto& h = hash<nlohmann::json::string_t>();
        return h(j.dump());
    }
};
} // namespace std

inline nlohmann::json operator "" _json(const char* s, std::size_t n)
{
    return nlohmann::json::parse(s, s + n);
}

inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator "" _json_pointer(const char* s, std::size_t n)
{
    return nlohmann::json::json_pointer(std::string(s, n));
}

// restore GCC/clang diagnostic settings
#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
    #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif

// clean up
#undef JSON_CATCH
#undef JSON_DEPRECATED
#undef JSON_THROW
#undef JSON_TRY

#endif